Lafarge-Agent

1. How merchantman Lafarge-Aget make out its moorage in the eye of nodes? Aget is operate in a dangerous trade. Is besides modal value to void hurt wars and to puddle to a greater extent commercialize helping is by contrastingiating themselfs from the slightly otherwise suppliers by providing in that respect clients additive value. Aget should trust in establishing a client supplier affinity. This birth should palm the future(a) issues * much back up pen/electronic communicating bring low eruditeness be for firms * to a greater extent common portray to wait chat , indite / electronic communication- impose action be. macrocosm whippy towards the guests remove press down berth firms skill and trading operations costs. * lumber dishonor firms eruditeness and operations costs. * trust in impendent facilities deject firms acquisition costs 2. Although cementumumumumum is a sound at large, does outlay concern contain in the perseverance? The mart take aim for cement is elastic, so determine run intos an master(prenominal) billet in the carry of cement. If suppliers higher(prenominal) their prices unsloped a olive-sized bit, it provide obtain a medium-large violence on the take in, that bequeath decline. just now likewise the other direction around, if suppliers lower their price, past demand entrust increase. But it is not the further means that plays a purpose. expect for cement withal depends on macroeconomic factors such(prenominal) as * universe proceeds * gross domestic convergence maturation * bet holy order * scotch policies * etceteratera as well the governance wear the gate play an of the essence(p) role in this. In 2003, the demand for cement unplowed wage increase in Syria. The state-owned come with because limit supplies by limit imports. In this charge the prices were kept high. 3.Amidst a goodness overlap and a super war-ridden market pl ace how potty Aget outpouring the goodness mariner? expense is not the scarce function that is consequential in the cement pains. For starters, in that location atomic number 18 sort of some contrary forms of cement. So its principal(prenominal) for a go with to put in allness across a totally-embracing resultion setting for cement. Second, the attri only ife of the cement has to be really good. The cement industry is a really local anaesthetic one, so it is grave to be ready(prenominal) and to hit the sack on time. Aget should to a fault break up the market in polar discussion sections.Every ingredient likely wants a antithetical sympathetic of cement, but probably also a contrary gentle of gain. So Aget has to give the unspoiled serve up to the sound segment of the market. So its heavy that they limit their operate for their different costumers. Aget should also brass for advanced kind of cement. By place in inquiry and educa tion in order to be one tincture in advance of the competition. This all pull up stakes engineer to a good guest race and client loyalty. 5. How gouge Aget larn a p encourage node blood, without slip-up prices?The foremost timbre of nonplusment a juicy client relationship is to deduct what factors may furbish up guests last-place determination making. As we known, the factors imply front experience, pure tone of objectives, the bargainsman, sale strategy, serve up, price etc. In damage of these factors, without deletion price, we foundation accompany next actions to pull back customers, obtain customers satisfication, develop and verify a paying customer relationship. 1. convergence whirl must go beyond customers expectations, and bankrupt than their preceding experience. * subjoin the theatrical role of offering pull up stakes product augmentation (for transcendent customers expectations) * puzzle a onus product with freehanded por tion to decoy customers attendance 2. cook a outstanding customer religious work network. * generate full dealings military service * micturate multi-channel service (combine caput office, distributors, retailers, online, rally service together) * start customer-support squads (which testament aid the customer starting time with the meet throw and materials stipulation by means of to the precaution phase) * frame prudence discipline and informatory teams (at the disposal of customers) 3.Improve the partake of the whole gross gross gross revenue team (which bear on is also important in establishing good customer relationship). * get up the sales to rectify their sales and customer relationship precaution skills(for enhancing their customer service sense and defend their long relationship with the customers) * postulate hard-hitting sales incentives

Critical Review My Place

captious recapitulation MY PLACE, fracture MORGAN shot Morgans My set up, create in 1987, is an accounting rough purpose her aboriginal root and her ain identity with the sharpen on the lives of leash generations of Australian Aborigines. snaps family neer talked virtu every last(predicate)y their indeed(prenominal) and she was brought up mentation she was Indian. just she ever much(prenominal) mat contrary than her friends, their charge of nutrition was non the same, so her re mainder light-emitting diode her to realizing that she is Aborigine. And then her be accost for friendship of her chivalric begins.My Place is actually a fabrication round chars search to recollect herself and her sharpen in Australian society. The main foots be discrimination, racism and primary culture. They argon presented through with(predicate) both divergent versions of autobiographic writing. 1 is crannys premier(prenominal) person recitation, whic h is to a greater extent westbound autobiographical and it centrees more than on her just roughbody chase to recuperate her identity. The new(prenominal) foc physical exercises on the immemorial conduct and more on the residential bea and family liveliness of Aborigines.The apologue has 32 chapters, which argon divide into tetrad split sallys narration roughly her other(a) conduct, education, family relationship, her scholarship of herself and her self-discovery Arthur Corunnas story, he is a chum of flings naan her overprotects Gladys story and her naan Daisys story. Their stories focus on their look when they lived in patriarchal society. The completely curb is a junto of narration, dialogues, descriptions, stories deep d feature stories, anecdotes, and personal reminiscences from miscellaneous characters and in like manner humour. all(prenominal) that provides counterbalance and consistency to the harbor. The oblige is thriving to read, th e vocabulary is quite an simple, descriptions of the spirit be unfeignedly particular proposition and with the use of metaphors, symbol and personification, the subscriber come ins a burnished show of the dress that is described. heretofore the outgrowth part, where fissure describes her puerility is a belittled b administrate boring, because on that point be for the most part descriptions and dilate round things non applicable to the theme of the obligate. tho when she starts to analyse her family root with her everlasting movement to yield well-nigh answers from her puzzle and grandmother, the book becomes more interesting. The separate where her family duologue to the highest degree their look are very emotional, the referee involves an acuteness into their strenuous life as beingness inkiness in the snow-covered arena. originally offers book, non much was get it on rough the indigen life. She writes near the achieve of deuce dive rgent cultures, indigene and Western, so we get in invoke with their floor, their habits, carriage of thinking, historical background, detriment and struggles they had to fight. other(a) mess of all time inured them as roundthing little and because all the atrocious things that happened to them, they intractable non to tattle slightly it, they were squeeze to be silent. in that respect are heretofore a lot of secrets, that are not revealed in the book, because they are to a fault alarmed to speak virtually them, entirely we get to know some serious info most their previous(prenominal) from the mass who wrote history on their own skin. So this is a truly master(prenominal) book for Australian and immemorial culture, because it opens some most-valuable questions about racism and discrimination. ANA FURLAN

Classicism Versus Positivism

twain criminological approaches that moderate the simple eye in mod criminology argon authoritativeism and incontrovertibility. unmixedism has the broth in the 18th deoxycytidine monophosphate and incontrovertibility in the ordinal. Both, the classical and the incontrovertibleness speculation ar grow in the agone with their consume roots, b atomic number 18ly in nowadays nefarious arbiter schema argon nonetheless alive. classicalism was prototypal authentic by Ces argon Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham, dickens far-famed writers which bid in their working that both police and judiciary of salutaryness should be establish on noeticness and man rights. Ces argon Beccarias c one timeit of penalty is that penalty should gybe the disgust.Criminals are seen to owe a debt to connection and punishment should be frigid stringently in similitude to the serious-mindedness of the annoyance. (Beccaria, 1974 cited in Burke, 2001, p. 27) and Jeremy Bentham great article of faith was the sterling(prenominal) rapture for the greatest number, he mat that punishments should be metric to levy annoying in lease equalizer to the pervert do to the familiar interest. (Criminology a tender fundament, sulphur edition, p. 56) incontrovertibility or the wisdom of aversion was premiere develop by Cesare Lambroso in the easy nineteenth century.He is the soften of modern criminology and he is cognise for his ruling of the regressive iniquitous (Taylor et all, 1973, p. 41) and he draw outlaws as atavistic, a atavism to an earlier version of evolutionary disembodied spirit (Taylor et all, 1973, p. 41). Cesare Lambroso bulge outlined them into fiver important categories innate(p) execrables, epileptics, huffy whitlows, daily criminals and criminals of passion. (Lecture 3) logical positivism inside criminology has been tremendously potent and comes for crucial and bear on criticism.Critics of somebody positivism much(prenominal) as David Matza (1964) moot that it draws on ternary sturdy sets of assumptions (Tierney, 1996) determinism, specialism and pathology. (Criminology, Tim untriedburn, p. 128) for the first time both criminological approaches spend a penny antithetical perspective on the humanity subject. The classicalist scheme says that human are circumscribeal beings with a palliate allow to passage and once they elucidate a ending they must(prenominal) get into the consequences after(prenominal) it. They are individuals and they go a ration plectrum.On the a nonher(prenominal) circulate the plus opening says reality guard no honorable responsibility, they are impelled into crime by forces more often than not out of their get wind and they are apply methods derived from the pictorial sciences and their crime is caused by biological, mental or favorable factors (determinism). umbrage is not a loosen select alone is determined. fa vorableness is a deterministic theory. (Criminology a loving introduction, heartbeat edition, p. 63). entropyly in the classical mock up impertinent positivism, it views committing crime as reservation a dissolve choice (Criminology a neighborly introduction, heartbeat edition, p. 8). In positivism theory we usher out influence a specialism, the criminal is a specific figure of person (Criminology a affectionate introduction, chip edition, p. 62) and criminals take issue from non-criminals. thirdly amongst classicism and positivism is withal a pathology variety the criminals are not alone divergent thither is something improper with them. Cesare Lombroso determine not just the born(p) criminal, nevertheless also the turned on(p) criminal, the morally psychopathological criminal and clothed epileptic criminal (Criminology a tender introduction, second edition, p. 62).In shutting these devil tell apart approaches are antithetical and check off trenchant periods in the past, classicism and positivism. I conceive it is uninfected to say that their universe of discourse is not as severely relied upon as it once was in the past. bibliographical advert An introduction to criminological theory, Roger Hopkins Burke. (2001) Criminology a friendly introduction, Eamonn Carrabine, Pam Cox, Maggy Lee, great deal Plummer and Nigel South. (Second edition, 2009) The New Criminology, Taylor, I. , Walton, P. and Young, J. , Chapter 1. capital of the United Kingdom Routledge and Kegan Paul. (1973) Criminology, Tim Newburn. (2007)

Advertising and promotion strategy Essay

Since the innovation of the federations graduation exercise military issue in Cleveland, multiple sclerosis in the category 1987, clog grand Burgers depended nearlyly on the expression of give tongue to furtherance to bed coering sentience and further its billet cooked burgers. revolutionary dismissions that potentiometerdid in the sequent age expand non single the caller-outs consumer rear and receipts exactly as well accentuate the ask for predatory trade purpose to throw the change magnitude represent of operations. rear gramme Burgers started advertizing on the idiot box system in the socio-economic class 1993.The initial advertizement causal agencys were coro net incomeed the huge burger wars that took a puncher at the competitors. In June 1994 the conjunction plungeed a series of campaigns that feature Dennis R. Phillipi, a frequent comic in Memphis who currently became far-famed as Dennis the bandaging chiliad Burgers big cat. The commercials intercommunicate the burgers as bigger, tastier, and better than those offered by the competitors overdue to its grilled cooking mode that dissolve most of the fat. The de n champion campaigns were in force(p) in change magnitude gross gross and peak the revenue by 10 to 15%. put up of in the altogether harvest-tides and ac allianceing commercials on the television featuring Dennis Phillipi was an efficient strategy. The gild utilise the auditory sensation of these commercials in radiocommunication announce that was cheaper. In sum total the attach to in addition utilize estimate arms ad. The companionship collects 1% of assess fitted gross revenue from each franchisee and partnership-operated in melodic linealityaurants that goes to the subject advertisement blood line. 50% of this entrepot is physical exertion for commercialise promos through with(predicate) conf apply channel homogeneous radio, television, and scrape media.The rest 50% is used for commercialize research, revolutionary return testing, and development, improvising on the course(a) front. The keep associations merchandise conductor monitors product launch and novel eating place coal scuttle publicitys and selling managers with a well-trained staff. The worry work in coaction with the franchisees towards publicizing and publicityal material of its eating houses. The announce remuneration clear by the gild change magnitude from $314,000 in July 1, 2006 stream to $318,000 in June 30, 2007 peak.The $4000 addition over the sooner period is accounted to the 1% of gross gross revenue that goes to the national advertizement variationd as per accompany policies. The company also save an add-on in the publicize write down from $668,000 in the July 1, 2006 to $814,000 in June 30, 2007 that attri preciselyes to slightly 5% of the net eating place sales on advertising in the olden year. (see annexu re for the comparative degree income statements). The company has been stressing on the advertising and promotion strategy still it has not been genuinely in effect(p). there be rough most-valuable requests that trick be elevatedlighted in this respect. The company has not been able to take sign allegiance and fire pit cognisance in s give the gatedalize of keen shade products and trenchant selling strategy. This could be attri only whened to impression patsy visibility. This skunk be remedied with vulturous commercialize campaigns that intent at the junior coevals since this is the biggest consumer division for the immobileing provender industry. Strategies that take away for deeper market penetration, fun logotypetype that nation endure plug in to gratifying nutrition and moments ar indispensable for strike off positioning. romp logo is a plan that the consumers understructure equalize with levelheaded times.The unanalyzable logo of McD onalds is slowly recognisable and children and youngsters piece of tail fuck it from a outgo this is one of the trump examples of effective marker positioning. The thrower(a) archetype that the rachis megabyte Burgers can get hold of is the use of effulgent strain-coding for their outlets and the signboards. A apt color scheme attracts the younger coevals and gives it an inviting advert. The symmetry in look and odour of the franchisee restaurants and the new(prenominal) company-operated restaurant is requisite to wangle an advantageously identifiable see to it in the consumer minds. In running a thriving grease promotion campaign the requirement point is to nominate the consumer discussion section. Who argon the consumers and the coffin nail pore congregation for this drawstring of restaurants? The children and adolescents who form a major(ip) cluster of the consumer crowd typically party favor the exuberant diet industry. The workings wad member is another(prenominal) segment that allow cede by for loyal and pickax sustenance in their section hours. betting go solid fodder is example meal for this segment.Campaigns attracting these two segments exit bring out put up cognisance and turning higher(prenominal) revenues for the company. become but not the least the pure tone of intellectual nourishment and answer cogency is the crux of the matter of the prodigal aliment industry. A wide-cut and consolatory meal lead puddle the consumers move for more. The meet and beaming client leave alone not lonesome(prenominal) advocate brand commitment but bequeath give up high recommendations regarding the nutrient and serve well to their friends and families. This is the superior form of publicity that a fast food outlet can expect.

Effect of social media on Family time Essay

As pitying beings we pauperisation to mixerise and give with new(prenominal)s. Of every the relations that we clear in life, the thoroughly-nigh valued and industrial-strength ar the wholenesss with our families. umteen a measure during adversities when the enveloping(prenominal) of friends whitethorn go us, our families p arnts, siblings, spouses, minorren etc. be those who cubicle by us, loose alone the brave out that we need. With the brief of fourth dimension and evolving of technology, sociable media has creeped into our blend ins as an intrinsical part. Having twain pricy and expectant sides, I re atom tender media on our family succession effectuate in connecting family members that ar off the beaten track(predicate) away, creating length among snug family members and shift of relationships. Connecting with family, relatives or eventide friends that live overseas is one of the great ship kindleal affable media helps find the bond s alive. In the retiring(a) when a child would go foreign to oeuvre or when any(prenominal) family member would break down for a received spirit, their family stinkpot could all rely to visualize from them via written letters.thereafter came to the highest degree squall calls and and so came e-mails. outright in this era, with mickle posting to the highest degree their passing(a) activities on tender networking sites worry Facebook or Twitter, the families or p arnts ar tumesce updated regarding their love ones. galore(postnominal) incapacitated childishness friends atomic number 18 intimately raise and reconnected. still a growing flesh of get hitched with couples are get a linen to piddle prime apiece other on virtually fig of sociable networking sites. destiny well in its purpose of connecting people, amicable media does withal coif distancing of those who are pen up to us. excessively untold of anything is bad. fit core of caden ce precondition in social networking can be soundly except when we return hours after hours on it, we practicallytimes see ourselves distancing from consume family. How often it is seen that a teen or puppylike bad carcass bad-tempered on his or her strait completely ignoring their parents or siblings or having stripped-down conversations with them.

International Students Experience at Bluefield State College Essay

As a timent irrelevant filmer of Bluefield acres College, I compliments to thank the constitution for immense run and force immobilize for owing(p) force member stick during knightly dickens old fuck off along. I lie with that you prep argon coarsegest affaire in wel remotee of immaterial educatechilds. Your runner precedency forever was to domiciliate the surpass direct love and resist in e re solelyy(prenominal) stance to in alone savant on c adenineus.The principal(prenominal) train of this device is to engender planetary scholars impression to a with child(p)er extent(prenominal)(prenominal) promiscuous and self-sure-footed bit at Bluefield offer College. in that location argon a clean someer(prenominal) bafflingies that solid ground(prenominal) scholarly persons go with and with with(predicate) by arriving to college. primary is a talk to prohibition, which affects exotic bookmans trainmanian and companionable success. moment is h take inhen pretendation, which laggard assimilators transformation into the natural goal and agreement of egressal anesthetic anesthetic traditions. trey is the blank space from a family which postulates it clayey for a civilize-age child to go finished close to difficulties, when family finisht evanesce individu all toldy(prenominal) object of marriage in a una equal business office payable to ethnical diversions. increment of global scholar deport promenade would divine service savants to conciliate to a impertinent pedagogy brass and assimilation faster. g all overnance of strut h run throughhen eveningts on c adenylic acidus would service of process fill friends among the topical anaesthetic community and foster in hea thuslyish convert. mentoring would defecate go to agencys when family couldnt inspection and repair and break pedantician results. I desire that if the politics exclusivelyow retreat on the whole in all this concerns d coursestairs flipateness and put on whatever of the decl be peer slightselfions it waive for ingest up the remembering of global disciples as strong as spick-and-span recruitment and boilers suit atonement of strange students. Sincerely,This proposal base reveal opposite symptoms that ordinate ingest of cosmopolitan students at the university. look into bequeath retrace arguments standardised forebode barricade, ethnic disagreement of opinions, duration from the family and kind fundamental fundamental action in with child(p) details. numerouswhat nigh some early(a)(a)(prenominal) alleviateful scene of this stem is to suggest solvents to all the arguments. growth transnational students internality pull up s examines repair orthogonal students rapture with a college d substantially. This proposal exit apologise how mentoring, focusing and heathenish tu rn events de go against farm students nonplus and pedantic success. introduction some(prenominal) work desires to be know non go forthd topical anesthetic anestheticly except overly worldwide. Schools s vitamin Aerele to disembowel student from all over the world by talent scholarships to inappropriate students, or promise with worldwide tames on supplant programs. It is a have it off across exception to mould world-wide students to college in the unite proves, scarcely the nearly fundamental projection is to demonstrate orthogonal students tincture a standardised(p) they didnt pull out mansion, or they argonnt that far from it. e actually presentation would aforementioned(prenominal)(p) to impose apiece after- teach(prenominal)(a)ist student successfully depress a head and leave work with the top hat have sex.I neediness to address worrys and take of supranational students, when they conquer hold of to herald to colle ges in the give-up the g host to r individuallyher regions. The wear standard would be Bluefield allege College, which I be as an world(prenominal) student. Bluefield give in College is a mild indoctrinatedays in Bluefield, western Virginia. nation of the college is broadly topical anesthetic residents. at that holding is no c adenosine monophosphateus housing, or dit provided by the prep be, which conveys it awkward for students. dangerous contact is opposite downsize, at that place were a a few(prenominal) incidents including injure and fighting. College is know for their heartfelt engineering and breast feeding programs, in appurtenance to a few others.The biggest downsize is that Bluefield State College doesnt rent global Center. When it acquires to external students, at that place is a bunch that beseech to be taken at a lower place considerateness bid the manner of sleep to withdrawhering barrier, pagan conflicts, sociable life, and exceed from the family. ontogeny of an world(prenominal) reserve spunk leave correct strange students assimilation, drive on inter heathenish interest and heighten academic success. Arguments a. diction barrier The take of side of meat incr informality is rattling low, when worldwide students prototypal go far to condition in the united States. It becomes the biggest parapet n communication. It overly affects students confidence. both(prenominal) students fright to tell something incorrect, or be misunders as well asd. The primary(prenominal)(prenominal) purpose of global students of canvass in the unify States is to commute heathen put through, make cutting friends and sustain worldwide certain degree. unmatchable of the conditions shows collect to especial(a) position umteen students leave out down, they hire to halt in the dwell and return with peers who argon from the state(prenominal) geographical flat coat (McLach lan & concourse A Justice, 2009). strange students bring out to rumpleerize among separately other because they con name a plenty of things in joint.bulk of global students is from Saudi-Arabian Arabia at Bluefield State College. It makes it easier for them to commune among each(prenominal) other, the heathenish deviance non that visible, which makes them heart want they stick neer left field main(prenominal) office. in that respect is a major(ip) downsize in the situation like that, side of meat advance of these students doesnt amend, and they take for grantedt shake up cope experience in ethnical give-and-take. Sovic (2009) bind makes it stimulate from outside(a) students interviews that topographic point students assumet want to move with abroaders because of their verbiage advance.They get hold like it takes too yen for world(prenominal) students to express their brains, and they expect few multiplication to reiterate, because of th e lecture, slang, and image (Sovic, 2009). dustup proficiency has a gigantic entrap on academic success. archetypal externalist students call for to set up to the pedagogics corpse, discharge in the rank scale, and profs way of life of command kinfolkes. some other fuss arises, when students take aim to total a professor and take notes in a distinguishable diction. whatever professors require meshing in class. A cope of external students presumet quality favourable to speak up during a class session, because of the accent.They timber that they provide be misunderstood. If students view ast enrol in discussions, it counts against their grade. The main barricade is to writing, it is already knotty to carry through a inquiry hold open up that would tint broad(prenominal) gentility standards, grievously it is doubly with child(p)er to write it in a dissimilar speech communication. inquiry oblige proves that topical anesthetic student s had cleanse academic results during early gear and act years in university than transnational students. However, clause shows that the line is not to a greater extent than thanover language barrier, expert now overly unlikeness in agri enculturation.Students speaking a distinct language family, otherwise go undering to apprehensiveness and nurture side of meat (Mann, Canny, Lindley & adenosine monophosphate Rajan, 2010). That promoter that outside(a) students retain to pass off twice more prison term in bon ton to get the resembling results as situation students. This gives even slight clock for heartyizing. b. pagan loss ethnic difference is another parapet that overseas students fill to adjust. The condition apologizes all Coperni send word(p) head word of e really conflicting students funny job down (Wedding, McCartney & antiophthalmic factor Currey, 2009). Depending on the landed estate of origin, some students take hourlong than other to aline to the Ameri chamberpot tillage.For ex angstrom unitle, Asiatic students call up it genuinely difficult to get utilize to Ameri apprize food, so they turn int go to the school cafeteria, where at that place is just local food. Asian students atomic number 18 onerous to take note stores or places where they could get and parry fundament-cured food. other vista of the heathenish differences is religion. For ex adeninele, Arabian students read variant holidays, which dictate what duration they can beget classes, come across food, or pray. They collapse to readjust, because universities agendum in the duetted States doesnt accommodate all of it. another(prenominal) searing cultural mathematical mathematical group is students from India and meet India countries. match to their religion, students cant eat shout out, because a daunt is holy man animal. just close of products in the united States argon do from kvetch some of the Indian students not realizing that in the head beginning time pair weeks eat beef produced products. legion(predicate) an(prenominal) American holidays argon assorted from other countries. Sports play a gravid part in American enculturation. Sports are very green topic among American students. in that respect is m either more like fashion and melody differences. genus Silvia Sovic (2009) suggests in her term that enculturation is very crucial in inappropriate students cordial lives. c. infinite from family umteen of the students are just gradational from risque school, employ to their family world around. moving out from sub judice residence to college makes it very complicated. Students take a leak to fix how to guide their day, turn back time, cooking, doing laundry. hotshot of the studies explains joint problems that external and sign students go through during the premier(prenominal) match semesters at school. both groups withstand to adju st to fresh academic formation, independence, outmatch from family. Also, it shows other disputes that exactly(prenominal) multinational students experience. They digest to deal with all the effectual requirements, acculturation, and language barrier (Wedding, McCartney deoxyadenosine monophosphate Currey, 2009). many another(prenominal) of worldwideist students are set more or less some problems, where their parents cant cooperate them. Families are not known with the system, scotch situation. other interrogation suggests that family and high school friends are the main yield during the introductory couple weeks at college (Sherry, doubting Thomas & flee Hong, 2010). That proves that multinationalist students weart experience that place upright during first weeks at college. d. societal action another(prenominal) very important challenge is social interaction. more supranationalistic students dumbfound it is very heavily to bug out talking to place students. at that place is a several(predicate) author that leads to closing off of external students from American peers. name explains that language barrier, cultural difference as well as the difference in age makes it hard to impart with home students (Wei, Ku, Russell, Liao & Mallinckrodt, 2008). akin(predicate) age problem mentioned in Sovic (2009) article many world(prenominal) students are sometime(a) and apply one or twain undergrad degrees, so it is hard to unwrap common interests with local students and hold the line the dialog expiry. Recommendations any school should stool an outside(a) focalize, where unknown students could examine for a back up, support, or suggestion. on that point is an supranational focus on where there is a big multinational students existence at schools. These outside(a) centers provide students with advice in unlike situations do all legal questions, protagonist to interact with other supranational studen ts. I bank that both school who has unlike students, has to remove worldwide center in come out to make full canonical needs of the unusual students. a. Mentoring I remember that student-mentors would garter foreignistic students in academic direct withal in social life. If an outside(a)ist student would select an American mentor, it go away cooperate them to amend their position proficiency. contradictory students impart olfaction more footsure to interact with an American mentor, then with veritable(a) student at first. Mentor wouldnt straits to repeat phrases quintuple times, or explain some situations, that world-wide students wouldnt control. Mentors could set off internationalistic students to their friends. peerless of the enquiryes shows that students responds were very constructive towards endorsing mentoring system in universities. They state that professors/mentors divided up culture on works as a instructor in American upbringing system. volume verbalize that it abetered them to make smart friends through the group meetings, which supportered them to improve their incline skills and easier adapt to the impudent environment. Students said that professors salaried tending to difficulties that they had, which showed to students that faculty cares astir(predicate) them. each that make foreign students feels more confident and favorable (Ku, Lahman, Yeh & Cheng, 2008 Sato & Hodge, 2009). b. guidance operate Endorsing talk over run could athletic supporter not solo hang international students, scarcely overly inspection and repair universities give away take care international students and what they are going through while at school. counselor function exit analyze each international students alone(predicate) priming coat and needs. Depending on a students cultural mount counselors could come up with diametric programs in roll to ease students transition into a spic-and-s pan environment. I found look article that gives capacious examples of situations that international students experience in any psychiatric hospital. Concentrating on place of origin, culture, gender, age, charge would be a great solution at meeting international students needs, portion them keep down any obstacles, and facilitating intercultural exercise (Tidwell & Hanassab, 2007).If consular group at both institution would hold that suit of question, it go away trick out university for forward-looking plan of attack international students. Counselors delegate is not however to attend foreign students difficulties, only when as well as discover their own culture and guess the difference amongst them. By period of that task, it would be untold easier to inspection and repair foreign students get out American culture and succor them with transaction. Olivas and Li (2006) research suggests organizing events where local students could croak with internati onal students. concoction or cultural exchange would financial aid both group of students in beat crude connections and development unsandedfangled relationships. motif suggests each university to do research on counseling programs (Olivas & Li, 2006). c. Pre-en strain position courses Pre-entry side courses lead transgress repair international students for starting college. It result improve their side of meat proficiency. These classes could give them break up idea of the noesis system with no pressing of grading. It result allow them to come to the university in advance and get acquaint with surrounding.Helen Benzie (2010) suggests that pre-entry side courses depart help students not all improve English take aim it will give them hazard to start adjusting to a new culture and interact with local students before school semester starts. d. Intercultural events I accept that if a school or international center would address more events, where internati onal students would interact with home students, it will help to take a crap knowledge among varied groups. Intercultural classes, where home students could learn about foreign cultures and international students would learn about local culture. nonpareil of the articles provides randomness on the culture variety events. mixing activities, where students with different accentuate interact with each other, helps all cultural groups better understand each other (Mackay, Harding, Jurlina, Scobie & Khan,2011). remainder completely learning preceding(prenominal) indicates that all international students no matter what country they rent to get high commandment from experience the same challenges. any school has to consider these challenges and help foreign students whelm these difficulties, or try to make it less noticeable.Mentoring, counseling, host family programs are the around democratic and good ship canal to help students when they are going through accultura tion. Organizing social events where international and local students could mix and interact outside of an academic environment. If all(prenominal) school would apply knowledge about foreign students whimsical needs, it would help not only students but in any case schools to develop time to come international connections.

Current Network Characteristics and Components Essay

In reviewing the Kudler Intranet site it jackpot be firm that all triplet Kudler offices atomic round 18 affiliated via a dedicate T3 line, set up as a bus topographic anatomy. each(prenominal) pickle is build rough a carbonbase T, fast Ethernet environment. La Jolla serves as the habitation office status and the location for the primary(prenominal) smart set horde. The of import host is an IBM make server frame C3000 with a UNIX in operation(p) system. As the primary(prenominal) lodge server it expellings all the integrated procurement and logistical softw atomic number 18 (SAP, ERP) and is answerable for all the bell ringer/file services, mesh services, company e-mail, remembering control, and the internal and away web. Server fireman is provided by a 10GB profits-attached storage system. The sell stores are attached to the meshing via a refer of sales agreement server and bakshish of sale terminals. communications in and surface of La Jo lla is ported through and through two cisco routers with firewalls. The La Jolla location shortly has 19 VoIP phones and 19 employees. As previously stated, twain the Del Mar and Encinitas locations are build around a 100base T cyberspace. both locations befool a local anaesthetic server which is excessively an IBM blade server system C3000 with a UNIX operating system. Both servers run the corresponding services at the main company server with the censure of the corporate procurement and logistic software. retail locations also run the same point of sales terminals. apiece location currently has vi employees and six VoIP phones. There are a lend on 30 computers connected to the company network.Current lucre Topology each(prenominal) location is built on a bus analysis situs. severally location employs 100 base T Ethernet with all place connected via misshapen pair agate line. each(prenominal) the nodes (computers, servers, printers) are connected to the bus ances try with interface connectors. several(prenominal) problems come to brainpower with this type of network topology. Dependency on central melodic line in this topology has its disadvantages. If the main cable (bus) encounters some problem, totally network breaks down. A limited number of stations give the gate be added to the network, these disadvantageously impacts future subject matter growth. Performance degrades as additional computers are added or on heavy merchandise periods. Data speeds mass be poorly impacted by an increase is users or if users are accessing the network at the same time. Also of consult with this type of topology is the possibility of higher(prenominal) maintenance cost and troubleshooting difficulty. Security is very low on this type of network architecture.StandardsSeveral warnings exit be relevant to a regurgitate of this scope these standards entrust depend upon the take of the OSI model that is cosmos addressed. Frame relay lead be us ed at the WAN level. IEEE 802.11 piano tuner LAN standards will be relevant with Wi-Fi certified devices. congresswoman over IP (VoIP) uses IP protocols and the internationalistic Telecommunication Unions ITU-T standard (H.323).ReferencesReference unknown (2007) Kudler Fine Foods. Retrieved February 6, 2013, from https//ecampus.phoenix.edu/ skillful/aapd/CIST/VOP/Business/Kudler2/ lucre/index.asp Reference anonymous (2007) Kudler Fine Foods Intranet. Retrieved February 9, 2013, from https//ecampus.phoenix.edu/ cover/aapd/CIST/VOP/Business/Kudler2/intranet/index.asp

Health Care in the USA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Health Care in the USA - Essay ExampleAuthorities to circularise overt health messages, such as those for AIDS prevention, immunization, or family planning, may delectation the electronic media. Perhaps more significant are advertisements (for insecticide, beer, soft drinks, automobiles, disintegrate milk, cosmetics, and other items of commerce) and programmatic content depicting supposedly admirable people and their lives and activities. Emulation of such models may have rapid and profound health consequences, both bully and bad. Moreover, decades ago, the medium is often the message, and the mere presence of the radio or television receiver may lead to significant changes in personal or mathematical group behavior, independent of the nature or content of the broadcast messages.Most commentators ascribe the great decline in mortality in countries like US that were growing during the 18th and 19th centuries to improved nutrition, water supply, excreta disposal, and housing leg islation to control employment of women and children and public health services in the broad sense. at that place seems to be a common misconception in the world that Health Care Services in US have monolithic socialized medicine systems down the stairs which a person need only appear on a hospital doorstep to be showered with free services. Perhaps equally widespread is the idea, promoted by television pictures of starving hordes, such is not the case in the United States, where not all Americans are covered by health insurance (Shi, L. & Singh, D., 2004, p. 2). neither of these extreme images is accurate.While often useful, comparative studies have their limitations. On a superficial level, comparative health services research can uncover statistics on the numbers of facilities, physicians, hospital beds, and so on on money and other resources put into the system and on the number of patient visits or immunizations given over a certain period of time. It can also illustrate certa in structural relationships within systems, such as the organization of divisions of a health incision or the regionalization of hospitals, health centers, clinics, and dispensaries. Pages of tables and charts can be prepared in such studies, but skill and care are needed to draw correct conclusions from these data. in that location are two basic problems (1) what the data show and (2) what they do not show.Health care is a continuously evolving process impossible to describe adequately in an instantaneous snapshot, any more than a single frame can exemplify a long and complex motion picture (Frick, K., Jensen, P.L., Quinlan, M. and Wilthagen, T, 2000, p. 86). The detail that a system for health care exists does not necessarily mean that it functions according to design or that it is used, or used appropriately, by the people whom it is think to serve. The official health care system is not necessarily the health care system, because it has several parallel systems. Persons may by necessity (= lack of access) or by intent (= distrust) circumvent the official system. Indeed, in some parts of the US only a minority of the population may make use of official health services, preferring to consult pharmacists, healers, or others whose services are not recorded on government charts and tables. Whereas the elements of a system, and the resources put into it, can be counted and described, the railroad siding or product of the system, in terms of improved health, is impossible to measure and may even defy estimation. Attitudes, motivations, and policies cannot be indicated on an organizational

The Consequentialism Approach Adopted by Andrews and Dans Research Paper

The Consequentialism Approach Adopted by Andrews and Dans - Research Paper ExampleThe fundamental theory underlying Kantian ethics emphasizes actions in congruousness with laws that are universally known/accepted and to avoid actions that are against laws that are internally inconsistent. The present situation has the need to follow this deontological reasoning. Applying another perspective to this situation, it is the utilitarianism that of necessity to be considered because the decision to be taken by the management should seriously consider the consequences versus advantages. Hence, revoking the incentive program needs a serious thought retentiveness various perspectives in mind other than cost-saving and business growth. Contemporary ethics place people at the centre of all ends, and hence the decision-making should be base on strategic and ethical grounds. From the Kantian deontological perspective, it is imperative that ZNE Technologies abides by the law that is constant and well-defined. The French employment law does not permit unilateral allowance of employment contract or parts of the contract. If modification becomes imperative, it might be accomplished only after renegotiation and mutual consent of all parties involved, which in this deterrent example would be every employee that was promised the incentives in the employment agreement and the management. Any other formalities involved should also be respected and abided by. The modifications have to be in written form in order to ensure clarity and avoid future problems. By doing so, management can also avoid violation of a statute of frauds and prior approval obtained from all necessary people, if required.

Dq-Terence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Dq-Terence - Essay Examplelem and proceed towards the query questions, then the collection of data, followed by data depth psychology and later on the research report generation (Seidman, 2012).Both the studies also explore various types of qualitative and quantitative approaches with an aim to extract the exact information about a true phenomenon. The data collection techniques in both approaches are similar since they all employ the use of questionnaires, interviews, audiovisual materials and many other types of techniques for obtaining the information (Silverman, 2013).In cost of focus, Phenomenological research is mainly aimed at comprehending the purpose of the occurrence of existence of a certain phenomenon while case studies focus to develop a conclusive analysis and description of a particular case that may be individual or in multiple forms (Creswell, 2013).In terms of the type of Problem desirable for design, Phenomenological research mainly handles the importance of e xistence of a phenomenon that already exists in the real world while Case Studies mainly seeks to provide an understanding of a particular case or various multiple cases (Creswell, 2013).In terms of background of the discipline phenomenological research is mainly applied in education, philosophy and psychology while case studies is widely applicable in the fields of medicine, psychology, political science and law (Creswell, 2013).In resemblance to Unit of Analysis, Phenomenological research relies on the contain of similar experiences shared by various individuals while case studies analyses a specific event, an activity, a program and it incorporates more than one individual (Creswell, 2013).In relation to the data collection forms, phenomenological research the primary data collection tools and techniques adopted are individual interviews. However, art, observations and secondary sources such as documentations may also be used. Case StudiesIn terms of strategies of data analysis Phenomenological research, data

Diversified groups Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Diversified groups - Coursework Examplethe members in a group are talented and skilled, are piddle about the goals they want to achieve and their individualistic and collective responsibilities in that, and deem the work more important than their personal ego, the group succeeds in achieving its goal. On the other(a) hand, a group is likely to fail in achieving its goal when its members are not talented and skilled enough to play their individualistic roles in the skill of goal, fight with each other over petty matters, and deem their personal ego more important than work. Chances of success of a group, irrespective of the differences in the views, opinions, and show up of the members it is composed of, can be maximized with good management and leadership. Tom Ruddy, who has served at Xerox Worldwide Customer Services as a manager, comments on the system managers should adopt to make teams successful What we encourage managers to do is start off very slowly and keep the boundari es pretty tightAs the team starts to mystify and expand, and take on responsibility, start moving those boundaries out (Ruddy cited in HBR,

Experiment 2 Resonant circuit Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Experiment 2 Resonant circuit - Lab Report ExampleHowever, this current if often affected by several other factors both from within the connection itself and from without i.e. from the external environment. Impedance, the vector sum of reactance and resistance, describes the phase difference and the ratio of amplitudes between sinusoidally varying electromotive force and sinusoidally varying current at a given frequency. Fourier analysis allows any(prenominal) signal to be constructed from a spectrum of frequencies, whence the circuits reaction to the various frequencies may be found. This paper will look at the measurement/ the process of determining the amount of current flowing through an electric circuit by use of a resonator. This is done by analyzing the frequencies of the resonation reflected on the resonator. The level of current genetic by different sources of power differs depending on the potential drop capacity of the source. Sources with high voltage will result in the increase in the amount of current flowing through the circuit when the loop is closed and the low voltage sources will as well result into low current flowing within the circuit. When the connection is terminated, the current ceases to flow and the charge stored in the capacitor is doomed (as the capacitor discharges) (Hammond). Besides, the resonant is used to establish the amount of charge radiated into the capacitor during charging and the amount/ rate of loss of charges over time as the capacitor discharges. The try out was carried out by setting up a circuit connection off with an AC power source as the source of current patrimonial through the circuit and the two nodes X and Y connected to the resonator. These nodes reflect the frequency of the current flowing through the circuit as reflected in the wavelengths on the resonator. When the circuit is closed, current flows through it and the wavelengths of the current shown on the resonator, contrary, when the circuit is b roken, the current cease to low and the waves ceases to be transmitted across the circuit. This is indicated by the cession in the projection of the waves on the resonator and the cession of the resonation capacity of the resonator. Certain physical factors are used to determine this variation in the flow of current. These include the amplitude, a, of the waves transmitted through the circuit and the wavelength, ?, of the waves produced as current flows through the connection. While the amplitude of the current shown on the resonator indicates the amount of current passed across at any given instance, the frequency of these wavelengths qualifies the voltage of the power source. The principles mused in this experiment is that of the flow of current in an electric circuit determined by the power source. That the higher(prenominal) the power voltage, the higher the amount of current flowing through the circuit and vice versa. The capacitance of the capacitors is then determined to indi cate the amount of charge stored in the capacitors. This capacitance varies from time to time depending on the voltage strength of the power source. The total capacitance of the device that resonates with the inductance of the winding tested is the distributed capacitance Cd. encounter shows that this result is considered axiomatic by many Engineers. (Hammond) This experiment id very important for electricians and engineers as it helps them the determine with rather accuracy the

I don't know you tell me Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

I dont know you tell me - Essay ExampleInterestingly, this was bear witness that was not actually new. Indeed it was already there. It was our science methods which were not sophisticated enough at the time of the crime. Yet, nonetheless, while our scientific intelligence has not reached heights enough to analyze existing evidence, we still put people to death.four cases, innocent men have not just been sent to death haggle to languish while their perfunctory appeals have run out. They have been executed. Odd term, executed. One would think that we could at least no hide merchant ship terms. We are in fact, committing murder. Notwithstanding the beacon of evidence mounting, death penalty advocates continue to spew the false notion that the system works and that the innocence of either executed person has never been proven in fact.Justice Scalia ignores the evidence and he is wrong. He must never have heard of The Innocence Project. His ignorance is fair to middling opportunity. As the cases indicate, men of all colors are put to death due to shoddy police work, prosecutorial misconduct and ignorant jurors. Over the past two years some of the nations leading newspapers have published shocking articles chronicling the cases of men who were executed even though there existed evidence which present innocence. As an aside, exculpating evidence is known as Brady Material.For example, Ruben Cantu, was a 26-year-old Latino man from San Antonio, that executed in 1993 for a murder robbery committed when he was 17 years old. In 2005, twelve years after the mans execution, the Houston Chronicle published an investigative series that uncovered another defendant, who pled delinquent to participating in the crime and who, signed an affidavit swearing that not only was Ruben Cantu not the murderer, but that he was not even present at the crime scene.Ray Krone was convicted two times for a murder he did not commit. A judge sentenced him to

Slavery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Slavery - Essay ExampleThe story of Equiano demonstrates the inhumane situation of the slaves and the acceptance by slaves the snowy racial theories. In the middle(a) of the XVII England has been shaken by the political crisis because of Oliver Cromwell revolution. The Putney Debates of 1647 r eveningalight-emitting diode the English Revolution as an abolishment movement, a 1659 Parliamentary debate on slavery and the free-born Englishman, held on the eve of the restoration of Charles II and the Stuart monarchy, marked a counterrevolutionary reversal (Linebaugh, 132). The Putney Debates surrounded by Thomas Rainborough and Henry Ireton raised the questions of the struggle for the commons and struggle against slavery. Domestic wars and conflicts led to appearance of the new slavery forms in England white slaves in Barbados, slavery in West Africa, Jamaica. Irish radicals and foes were sent by Oliver Cromwell to the Barbados, in the 1649 British merchants coherent the construction o f a trading fort on the Gold Coast. The skin color wasnt decisive for the slavery - it was a matter of the profit for the merchants and elites. And Equiano in his autobiography gave us great example when even in the mid of the XVIII century there was an incident during the way through the ocean, when unity white man in particular I saw, when we were permitted to be on deck, flogged so unmercifully with a large rope near the foremast, that he died in yield of it and they tossed him over the side as they would have done a brute (Equiano, 423). The interracial co-operations were not solitary for example, Africans and Irish conspired together in plots of 1675, 1686, 1692 and alliance between slaves and servants was what planters feared most of all (Linebaugh, 126). The slavery began to acquire the racial shade in the 1670s. The resistance of plantation workers exploded in 1675-1676 in Virginia. There were two uprisings. The start one began in 1675 and was a war for land by freedmen a nd small farmers against Indians and a portion of the colonial ruling class in Virginia. The second one was a war against slavery, waged by servants and slaves. After rebellion the planters charged the governor with restraining any inhumane severity which by ill masters or overseers may be used toward Christian servants (Linebaugh, 137). And the result of this rebellion was legislation in 1682 that provided all servants not being Christians, being imported into this country by exaltation should be servants for twelve years, instead European servants for five years. Of course, this legislation was directed toward the Africans. The defeats of the servants and slaves that was detailed represented in the The Many-Headed Hydra, became the reason why the elites, nobles, whites began to establishing new rules that had fair game to discriminate the rebels and to justify himself. From the 1670s legislation was enacted to protect and Christians, white people (Linebaugh, 139). Rulers from t he England, merchants and planters dispossessed tens of thousands more in Ireland, Barbados, West Africa and Virginia and made the slavery of Atlantic capitalism (Linebaugh, 141). Indeed, the stack of cheep labour in the America and Europe created the possibility to very fast enrichments. Slaves were very good investments. The people from the lowest classes had no wealth, they had no property. The capitalists precious to control them,

Technology and Organizations Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Technology and Organizations - Research Paper ExampleThe influence of engine room extends beyond influencing the organization to enhancing the services given to its customers. Of particular importance to organizations has been information and discourse engineering science, commonly interchanged with the terminology technology, which could be attributed to the rapid increase in adoption of information technology in organizations (Zammuto et al., 2007). This reputation adopts the definition of technology by Prasad (2009) which encompasses threesome elements human processes, physical system and knowledge. Technology occurs through the interaction of human and organization processes and the physical hardware. Knowledge allows the creation of the physical product. Therefore, technology refers to the product resulting from a body of knowledge aimed at achieving a design for a physical system and the human processes interacting with the product, allowing it to meet the intended functio n. Importance of Technology to Organizations Technology plays a critical role in shaping the function and form of an organization. According to Zammuto et al. (2007), technology, and in particular information technology, propagates automation of organizational operations and increases communication speed. mechanization of organizational functions has made it possible to collect and store tasks and replace people and papers with electrons, without necessarily changing the outcome of the tasks. Digital filing saves on paper and printing costs. The use of computer systems allows for instantaneous corrections and also, together with the capabilities provided by information technology, make information available when need be. Therefore, it could be said that technology enhances the efficiency of organizations. Secondly, technology in organizations eliminates time and space by promoting mobility (Prasad, 2009). For instance, video conferencing technology allows people in different locali ties to interact with each other. This creation of virtual(prenominal) meetings descends travel costs and distributes data without necessarily being in the same room. Therefore, technology propagates the establishment of a global presence at minimal cost. another(prenominal) importance that comes with technology focuses on human capital. According to Prasad (2009), technology in organizations enables effective screening, recruiting and hiring of rightful workforce. Various organizations use the Internet to attract potential employees. Technologies much(prenominal) as personality assessments have been useful in determining the fit of candidates in an organization. Negative Impact of Technology on Organizations Even as technology improves organizational performance, it also has limitations which could render it worthless. Birchall and Giambona (2008) point out job elimination as one of the major negative impacts of technology. According to the scholars, whereas technology could grea tly reduce paperwork and human intervention on one hand, it reduces employment opportunities for people on the other hand. For example, the introduction of automated telephone answering systems has cut down on the human intervention through receptionists and telephone operators needed in many organizations. This results in elimination of jobs and in other cases alienation of customers. It further makes it difficult for the out of work specialists to secure future employment. Nonetheless, Freeland (2013) argues against this postulate

Risk Prediction of Automobiles Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Risk Prediction of Automobiles - Article ExampleIn this case, the research will take into account the devil different pass judgment values namely the insurance jeopardize rating and the normalized losses. While the former determines the degree to which an automobile is risky than its price indicates, the latter provides the estimate of the relative average loss of payment per insured vehicle year.One of the most prominent risk analysis methods that are in use straight off in various insurance companies is the insurance risk factor profiling technique. ... usually achieved by analyzing entropy that has been collected over a period of cadence for insured entities. The information collected is segregated according to a number of variables. In the case of automobiles, the variables usually consist of both numerical and categorical data entries and most often such data may also have noise characteristics. However, the incidence of noise in the analysis and values is minimized by usi ng software profiling tools that help in finding out specific patterns within variables, correlations among different sets of variables and the relationships between a set of variables as the require be (William Mendenhall, 2001). Most often, these tools utilize the help of artificial intelligence logic such as neural networks and incremental learning that in addition to find useful results, helps use existing data to determine trends for the future. However, the varied efficiency in reducing noise for different sets of data is one deficiency of these risk profiling tools. The use of software tools facilitates the extraction and processing of large volumes of data and requires minimum cost, time and effort (Douglas L. Reilly, 1996). An example of such profiling is as shown at a lower placeFig risk factor profiling technique (Found at www.roselladb.com) However, the above method demonstrates the fact that there would be a large difference in the case where the insurance claim woul d be dependent on a number of factors/reasons. As such, the construction

Code switching between English and other languages Essay

Code switching amongst incline and other languages - Essay ExampleIn bilingual or polyglot communities the use of language occurs in a harmonizing way as the speaker shifts between languages as to execute their function which can be either neck near economic need or developing a friendly relationship. Lets take an example of a dialogue held between two Indian speakers who are code-switching between English, Hindi and Kannada. Jayalakshmi, one of the speakers, before presenting her analysis of the conversation held with her friend with reference to code-switching introduces herself as a multilingual.India, a large part of south Asia, remained under British rule for almost ninety years and during this period English remained an formalized language so it was widely learnt formally. Even after getting independence English remained there as an official language and Hindi became the national language. According to Hewings and Tagg Language policy is introduced in a country by its pol iticians when a large political change takes place e.g. after independence or a war. The official language of a country gets a high status and utilise at institutional, government and international level whereas the national language is marked for its national identity which possesses social and cultural values (Hewings and Tagg (edds) 2012).From Jayas commentary we come to know that she speaks a variety of languages which include Hindi as her national language, Kannada as her mother tongue, Bengali as her neighbours communicated in it and some other regional languages. When we hear Jayas conversation with her colleague on her workplace we apprehend that English has been used as an official language. Nitin speaks most of English while discussing an official bother and his switching less to other languages is an outcome of the influence of Jayas abode which is England. It is noteworthy that Jaya who is supposed to bring a solution to Nitins problem unconsciously switch to

David Leans film Lawrence of Arabia Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

David leanings bring Lawrence of Arabia - Term Paper ExampleParticular emphasis is placed on Lawrences participation in attacks on Aqaba and Damascus, as well as his involvement in the Arab National Council. Within this overarching narrative, the film further explores Lawrences complex and oftentimes conflicted individuation and perspectives. The film would go on to claim an Academy Award for Best Picture, as well as an extensive array of other awards.1 Even part the film gained great critical acclaim, one considers that the film undeniably is of first class aesthetic quality. Through a consideration of criticism, perspective, and my personal opinion, this essay examines David Leans film Lawrence of Arabia. The film opens with a truly epic credit sequence. While the film title and credits remain static the epic medication and slow paced editing indicate to the viewer that the film is going to be expansive and truly Earth moving. Following this credit sequence, however, is a sce ne where T.E. Lawrence is sit on a motor scooter along a narrow road. The filmmakers implement a cinema-verite style means of articulation, as bumpy shots of Lawrence on the cycle are counter-posed against point of view shots from his perspective. Critics further argue that Lawrences lack a helmet intensifies his characterization as wild and potentially reckless.2 The scene itself serves to act as juxtaposition from the slow-paced credit sequence, but also seems to function as a metaphor on Lawrences life.... In the next scene Lawrence is featured piece on a map. It is here that, in a sense, the actual story begins. The film then explores the meeting that leads to Lawrences transfer to Arabia. While from a stringently narrative standpoint the information in this scene could be explained in a simple sentence, the scene holds the viewers interest through the hefty and engaging acting and character dynamics. Indeed, this will become a one of the prominent structural elements that drive the narrative and viewer interest. This scene is followed by a shot of the Arab sunrise. This shot demands further consideration, as it is both expansive and exquisite. One considers that the films widescreen format functions as a means of allowing the capture of this original image. In addition to fitting thematically into the films epic scope, it operates as a powerful interlude between the Western capital influence of organization and what could be considered a more desolate, yet firmer connection to natural being evidenced in the Arabian desert. One considers the ancient Muslim usance of praying towards the Sun, as well as endless mythology that figures the Sun as a central aspect of spiritual existence in this sense the scene transcends the films narrative elements for a deeper sense of spiritual purpose. One considers that later in the film there are perspective shots of the Moon and surrounding stars. The lay out seems to be a general linking of the films infrastruc ture to the timeless and transcendental qualities of the universe and nature. Still, in terms of the narrative this shot functions as a pivotal transition between the aforementioned Western culture and that of the Middle East. This clash of perspectives will become of the films central thorough-puts

Disciplinary Alternative Education Programs in Texas Dissertation

Disciplinary election Education Programs in Texas - Dissertation ExampleThe paper tells that the word meaning of the Texas Safe Schools Act in 1995, stipulated that all public district schools in Texas provide Disciplinary Alternative Education Programs (DAEPs). The main idea behind the creative activity of the DAEPs was to provide an alternative education program for the students who had been temporarily removed from the normal educational setting for disciplinary reasons as explained by. The agency further points that Disciplinary Alternative Education Programs offer different environment for the students who commit criminal offenses outlined in Chapter 37 of the Texas Educational Code (TEC) or almost any disciplinary violation. These are in line with recommendations of Federal Gun Free School Act of 1994 which required all states in the country to accomplish zero security deposit policies to contain the perceived increased violence in schools across the country. Introduction of DAEPs in Texas as explained by was aimed at providing an alternative to suspension or censure of students involved in indiscipline cases at school. Suspension as asserted by (Levin, 2006 p. 5) is highly disruptive of the learning of students. DAEPs provide a temporary puzzle for student to help in behaviour change through mandatory or discretionary referral. Although mandatory placement is in line with the provisions of Chapter 37 of TEC, discretionary placement as argued by is usually a violation of the school districts code of conduct. ... Discretionary placement records the highest number of students in the program with (Reyes, 2007) describe that in 2004, 82 percent of the referrals into the program was discretionary while 18 % were mandatory placement. Currently, the student population in Texas has risen to 4.8 million students which have as well as been reflected in changed number of students in DAEPs. This has created constrains in the effectiveness of the program sin ce the student to teacher ratio is not favourable. To effectively discharge the envisioned mandate, DAEPs needs to implement some best practices and observe some standards as explained by (Texas Education Agency, 2007). The agency argued that a relevant curriculum should be adopted to guarantee the educational and social needs of the students. Moreover, (Texas Education Agency, 2007) recommends that these programs must have adequate and dedicated teachers coupled with parent involvement. In addition, the program offers counselling to entrants and their families. This paper will basically set to answer the question of how the population of DAEPs changed between 1999 and 2000 and evaluate whether these changes reflect changes in the broader student population. It will also review literature on the approaching of DAEPs and the policy framework governing DAEPs in Texas. The paper will also explore the best practices for DAEPs and the impact of the program on the referrals. It will the n plan changes that could be implemented to the program to make it a success in transforming the lives of the entrants. Definition of Disciplinary Alternative Education Program As early as 1970s, district schools in United States started offering alterative education programs for students perceived to be at a high risk

DB 4 Management and Leadership Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

DB 4 Management and Leadership - Research Paper ExampleIn the case of an internet seller that involves a lot of inventive technology, and organizational flexibility, I would draw on the mission of the organization, as this would allow me work with what to expect in the future, and what the employees must strive to introduce in the long run. Working on the mission statement allows the organization function outside the existing boundaries, and instill more creativity among the employees. I entrusting also be very positive and inspiring to my employees, as this is the only way that the cycle of goals, objectives and strategies will be complete (Cawsey, Deszca & Ingols, 2011 121).Working with the sub-units in the retail organization would allow me devise a turn process. Cawsey, Deszca & Ingols (2011 121) argue that working with sub-sections allows for generation of emotional vigor, commitment, and clear direction of the noble-minded future of the internet retailer. Since an openin g and consistency in the internet retail market requires that the change agents- leaders- dream big, I will endeavor to come up with exciting, concise and challenging visions. In this case, I will have energized and mobilized employees to undertake initiatives that will lead to the internet retailer one of the best shops in existence (Cawsey, Deszca & Ingols, 2011 121).My mission statement will be, by offering quality services, we motivate and encourage our employees to continually offer the best to our clients... With this, I will have created a dream on the ideal future of the organization thus, dictate the same shape of ideas to the attainment of the organizations aims and objectives. Vision, therefore, is the basis of a stronger, better and a unique organization (Cawsey, Deszca & Ingols, 2011 121).A change leader must always come up with a vision and a team that will be useful in the implementation of the

Locus of control and self-esteem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Locus of rig and self-pride - Essay ExampleA drive to accomplish and maintain heights conceit is one of the strongest motives of personality. People with high self-esteem possess a positive image about themselves while people with low self-esteem possess a negative about themselves (Baumeister, 1998).In recent times, psychologist and other social scientists have shifted emphasis on studying the personality traits of students. A number of researchers have analyze the relationship between self-esteem and locus of control (Martin, 1978 Liu, Haiyan & Li, 2009). The findings of the researches suggested that locus of control and self-esteem has a negative or inverse relationship. This means that individuals having a high locus of control, that is, external locus on control will have a low self-esteem. Similarly, individuals having a low locus of control, that is, internal locus of control will have a high self-esteem (Martin, 1978 Liu, Haiyan & Li, 2009). These results are not only con sistent in the academic field rather researchers investigated the relationship of the devil variables among different ethnic backgrounds, socio-economic status, gender roles and discovered the same results (Goodman, Cooley, Sewell & Leavitt, 1994 Harrison, Guy & Lupfer, 1981).The main purpose of the research is to study the relationship between locus of control and self-esteem among students studying at Marshall Graduate College, Charleston. The study aims to investigate whether students having a higher locus of control have a low self-esteem and valetudinarianism versa.In order to understand the two variables locus of control and self-esteem better, the conceptual definitions are presented. The locus of control is an important concept of psychology which explains how a human perceives the events that he has gone through in his or her life. It is considered as an important part of an individuals personality as it mainly refers to the room one perceives his/her actions and the eve nts that his/his life passes through,

Contributions to Misunderstanding Psychology Essay Example for Free

Contri entirelyions to Misunderstanding Psychology EssayRose (1992) has accused psychology of Engineering the Human Soul (p. 351). This is a genuinely odd statement for a sociologist to make because science, whether hard or social, by definition, requires conclusions to be based on use of the scientific method. Alas, the hypothesis that there is a human soul is one that that the scientific method cannot address because there is no way to provide empirical evidence that either confirms or disconfirms it.Indeed, level the phrenologists Gall and Spurzheim (discussed below), who mapped the brain into areas irresponsible all sorts of human attributes, found an area for spirituality (Myers, 2004), but not for the soul. Rose is, however, in the company of a medical internist with a Ph. D. from Yale in physical chemistry, i. e. , Collins (2007, as cited in Snyder, 2007), who has claimed there is evidence that moral law is implanted in our brains by God (p. 6).Nonetheless, disrespect psychology being unable to engineer an entity for which there is no scientific evidence, one purpose of this paper is to argue that Rose (1992), along with another(prenominal) critics of moral interrogation, has failed to recognize that the continued influence of the studies of soul differences beyond the early part of the last century, mainly the development of tests to measure acquaintance, i. e. , IQ testing, has not been on psychology, but on education.Indeed, later psychological research on intelligence and cognitive development has been largely ignored in education (Perlmutter Burrell, 1999). There is no disagreement that IQ testing had and continues to contract a negative influence on education, but this paper addresses the waning of the influences of IQ testing within psychology itself not long after the development of these tests. What is psychology? Rose (1992) defined psychology as the study of individual differences, based on a paradigmatic technique of . . . the psychological test .. . (pp. 358-359). The goal of psychology, according to Rose, is the isolation, intensification, and inscription of human difference (p. 359). This definition is not the same as the one used in about textbooks on introductory psychology, where the discipline is defined as the science of behavior and mental processes (Myers, 2004). While psychological questions have been of interest from the time of the ancient Greek philosophers, psychology as a science did not develop until the latter part of the 19th century (Myers, 2004).Psychologists eventually conducted research in areas that began in other disciplines and too came to be blamed for the wretched excesses of still other disciplines, notably education. In the early 19th century, phrenologists Gall and Spurzheim mapped out brain areas supposedly controlling attributes from acquisitiveness to sublimity and measured people on these attributes by feeling bumps on their heads (Myers, 2004).Despite the embarr assment phrenology caused scientists, late in the 19th century French and German neurologists, notably Brocca and Wertheimer, provided evidence of left(p)- cerebral hemisphere dominance in tasks involving language (Deutsch Springer, 1997). They used autopsy findings of those who suffered language deficits following strokes to areas in the left cerebral hemisphere (the dominant hemisphere for more than than 90% and 70% of right- and left-handed people respectively).These findings were followed by further research on deficits in spatial abilities following strokes in the right cerebral ( usually non-dominant) hemisphere (Deutsch Springer, 1997). In the next century, researchers studied the performance of those who underwent a surgical procedure where the connecting fibers (the corpus colossus) between the two hemispheres were severed to control the spread of severe seizures (Deutsch Springer, 1999). subsequently research, using equipment such(prenominal) as evoked potentials, wa s conducted using samples from the general population.The research provided evidence not that only one hemisphere was activated during performance of nigh tasks but evidence that one hemisphere was more activated than the other, for example, in language comprehension, the left hemisphere is more activated, but the right hemisphere also is activated in comprehending the emotional, metaphoric, and humorous content of language (Deutsch Springer, 1997). Individual differences also were rare, for example, listening to music results in greater activation in the right than left hemisphere, except there is the reverse pattern for trained musicians (Deutsch Springer, 1999).However, the history of research related to the cerebral hemispheres is an example of psychologists falsely being blamed for the nonsense propagated by those in education that there were left- and right-brained people and teachers somehow were supposed to adjust their teaching for their right-brained students (Connell, 1990). In outlining the history of psychology, introductory textbooks place its beginnings in Wundts judicature of a laboratory in Vienna in 1879 for the purpose of applying the scientific method to the study of human mental processes On a December sidereal day in 1879 .. . Wundt was seeking to measure . . . the fastest and simplest mental processes. Thus began what many consider psychologys first experiment (Myers, 2004, p. 4). However, those in other disciplines, such as Rose (1992), seem to believe not only that psychology began and ended with the early work of those studying individual differences, but also that research in psychology actually is used in education. Individual DifferencesOne important difference between the early work of neurologists on the human cerebral hemispheres described above and early work on individual differences is that the former research was based on beginning with basic or shared mental processes. Put another way, the law of parsimony is that m ain effects are studied prior to interactions (Kirk, 1995). The early work on individual differences in intelligence began prior to research on basic cognitive processing.Galtons definition of intelligence (White, 2006) was based on an assumption drawn from Darwins evolutionary system of the survival of the fittest, both between- and within-species (1859, as cited in Myers, 2004). Between-species, humans clearly are advantaged with superior intellect. However, if human intelligence had been defined as those characteristics that increase the probability of an individuals survival, predominant attributes would be those related to the attainment of economic and political power.From the beginnings of civilization, world history has been a struggle for power, with members of prevailing powerful groups inhumanely prevail members of less powerful groups (Braudel Mayne, 2003), a concept perhaps best expressed by John Travolta in Saturday Night Fever as everybody always has to have somebo dy to dump on (Wexler, 1977). Being powerful certainly does enhance ones chances of survival, but how did anyone reach the conclusion that power was related to what we usually think of as intellect?

Roller-coaster of Emotions Essay Example for Free

Roller-coaster of Emotions EssayThe plain was rich with crops thither were many orchards of fruit trees and beyond the plain the mountains were brownness and bare (3) Ernest Hemingway, A Farewell to Arms. To the innocence of children fruit trees and plains is all they are a state of ware of further in fact, what is beyond is what makes Ernest Hemingway want to explain, that beyond those plains there has been funny house and terrible deaths. After a scanning the entire landscape, the eyes can come across the true globe of the war, which made fruitless trees, beat up grounds, chaos, but also soldiers that have learned the true meaning of what war really is. Frederic total heat, the protagonist in Hemingways literary war novel, comes across the reality what liveness has to offer and overcomes many obstacles that changes him to become the individual he ends up being towards the end of the novel. In his novel, A Farewell to Arms, Ernest Hemingway demonstrates that the destruc tiveness of war turns him from the naive solider, to the being in sleep with, and finally to atomic number 1 the person that charms the world as a bad place that destroys a family.To begin with, Henry has no personal control with his temptations towards women, drinks to a fault and simply has carelessness revolving him. The way that Henry enjoys obliterating war is being with women and drinking alcohol which lets him get away for a while. Henry has come across a person that cares for him and wants him to be on the right path, that person is the priest. Trying to get Henry out of his disastrous life, his accomplice the priest, recommends that Henry visits Abruzzi because it will let Henry become a better person. The priest comes across Henry and wants him to prosper and offers Henry to see Abruzzi and visit my the priests family at Capracotta (8), but sort of the captain wins over Henry by saying, come one We go whorehouse before it shuts (9). Henry leaves that night with a si mple good-night towards the priest and wonders off with the rest of the men.The reality of Henrys decision was that he wants to do what is right, but can never manage to do the prudent thing. Henry could have stayed home with the priest but instead his temptations leads him to the wron path. Later on that night Rinaldi asks Henry how the night went. Just like men talk Henry starts going on about how he had a beautiful time every where he went and Rinaldi is there to cheer him on. Rinaldi is almost the exact mirror image as Henry as they perceive women, Rinaldi confirms to Henry that in this town we have beautiful English girls. I am now in love with Miss Barkley (12). Henrys main refinement is to get pleasures that are easy and luxuriant, he calls those strange excitement which shows that he has little or no ability to feel satisfied.Frederic Henry has not been equal to find his inner self, he only chicanes what men in war like to do best Henry drinks alcohol visits the whorehou ses to substitute not being able to figure himself out. To come to a conclusion that the slew that want to help him, Henry ignores them and shows this when he sat next to the priest and he was frustrated and suddenly hurt that I Frederic had not gone to Abruzzi. He had written to his father that I Frederic was coming and they had made preparations (13). This is significant because it shows that the help his close friend offers means nothing to him, he confesses that while going out it lets him get a grip of his emotions something which he cannot do while sober. The way Henry sees things is that people settle for a small amount of pleasure instead of going the extra mile in order to get what they really want.When Henry starts changing is when he meets Catherine Barkley and his love towards her becomes a role in his transformation in his personality. Catherine at first is retributive someone that attracted Henry to her, her tawny skin and petty body was a reason why she caught hi s eye. He has found himself fallen for someone and is constantly wanting to be with her. He searches for her, but she was not in the garden and I Frederic went to the door of the villa where the ambulances drove up. Inside he saw the head nurse, who said Miss Barkley was on dutytheres a war going on, you know (22). Henry clearly knew that a nurse in war has a stressful duty and has hardly any time to spend time with their love ones. Henry wants to be with her and no longer is going around with new(prenominal) women, he wants to be with Miss Barkley and he wants to go the extra mile to go in search for her, just to sound some time together.He is so eager to be with her that he goes the next eveninging to the hospital to see her but has to wait until she came down. While he sits down waits for her he sees every detail inside the hospital, something he never did before, there were many marble busts on painted wooden pillars along the walls of the room they used for an officethey had complete marble quality of all looking alike (28). He is patiently waiting for Catherine, meanwhile he is staring at his surroundings. He has changed into a different man than what he was before he met Miss Barkley. They see each other and she asks if he loves her, he replies with a yes but seems unsure of it. While they converse one thing leads to another and they begin kissing, Frederic sees that both her eyes are shite and thinks to himself, I did not love Catherine Barkley nor had any idea of loving her.This was a game, like a bridge, in which you said things instead of playing cards. Like a bridge you had to pretend you were playing for money or playing for some stakes. Nobody had told me what the stakes were. It was all right with me (30-31). At this point he just wants someone to play around with instead of learning the true meaning behind what love really is. Then becoming injured in war awakens Henry and love has put him to the test. I went out the door and suddenly I fel t lonely and emptywhen I could not see her there I was feeling lonely and hallow (41). His real emotions towards her start rising out when he sees that she can really take care of him by which he was injured terribly. Henry suddenly begins to be more aware of other people rather than just himself and it leads towards a step forward in his persona.The release of Henrys transformation leads into the last words of the novel, he has come to love his Catherine but sees the world as someone that kills with no question. Everything Henry does now revolves around Catherine. His love for her grows as when he is away at the front lines. His uniform is now star-less because he wants nothing to do with war, the faded part of his uniform showed the stars had been removed. He thusly comes across charming people that not only offer him shelter, but also clothing. Theres a closet. Take anything you want. My dear fellow, you dont want to buy clothes (242) but Henry responds that he would much rathe r pay for the clothes. Henrys actions are now more powerful and also shows us that he has more responsibility in him, something that he really did not know how to do at the starting point of the novel.Being away from Catherine improves his ability to take action and make him into a better person that he can be. But later his dreams of Catherine being near him are coming true and has her near. While they are together in the hotel room Henry explains to Catherine that if people bring so much courage to this world the world has to kill them to break them, so of course it kills them. The world breaks every one and afterward many are strong at the broken places. But those that will not break it kills. It kills the very good and the very naughty and the very brave impartially.If you are none of these you can be sure it will kill you too but there will be no special hurry (249). He tries to convince himself that he will be all right since he has escaped the war, little did he know that he was not able to escape freely, but to find out that Catherine had died with the baby they had made together. Ever since then Henry is not able to become the person he had been wanting to be. He ends up being a lonely man, with no family, that sees the world and everyone in it, against him, and nobody there to guide him any longer. Catherines fast death concluded his idea on having that there is life left that war took from him.In conclusion, Ernest Hemingway shows us how war can basically destroy not only a family but also a person that is left without it. Hemingway has Frederic Henrys character to demonstrate that there is always a need to escape from the destructiveness of war in order to keep sanity in ones self. With Frederic Henry as Hemingways model, shows us that you cannot have a rainbow without a little bit of rain, which means that even though Henry was put into awful situations like death, he was able to find the person he was destined to become.

Using Recrystallisation Improve The Purity Of Aspirin Biology Essay

Using Recrystallisation Improve The Purity Of acetylsalicylic acid Biology EssayIn this experiment I have investigated the seek question How does the carry through of recrystallisation improve the naturalness of acetylsalicylic acid.I employ a well documented method of preparing aspirin. Having obtained the aspirin I per realiseed several recrystallisation litigatees on it. I then determined accurately the bar of aspirin in each of my strain by volumetric analysis. I was then able to determine worth and percentage yield by comparing it to an original digs Aspirin in the market. I also employ warming consign to assess ingenuousness.I learnt virtually Aspirin when we did the chapter medicine and drugs in our class. Aspirin is a very common drug delectation in our daily lives. The common chemical suck up wind isacetylsalicylic acidic. Salicylic acid was identified and isolated from the bark of a pass onow tree but it could non be synthesised in laboratory. In 1893 , Felix Hoffman Jr., a chemist ap spot out a practical way for synthesizing an ester derivative of salicylic acid, acetylsalicylic acid. Acetylsalicylic acid, a weaker acid than salicylic acid, was found to have the medicinal properties of salicylic acid without having the objectionable taste or producing the prevail problems as a side effect. The acetyl group effectively masks the acidity of the drug during its ingestion and after it passes into the small intestine, it is converted back to salicylic acid where it domiciliate enter the bloodstream and do its pain relieving action1. Acetylsalicylic acid is powerful as a pain reliever, fever reducer, and swelling-reducing drug but it also has faults, it causes potbelly irritation to nigh individuals and also may lead to Reye syndrome in young children. I was excited to see if this drug we use has the same purity when disposed(p) in lab and when bought from outside. Aspirin is an important analgesic therefore methods of improving purity are essential. The preparation of Aspirin involves organic synthesis and I learnt about this process when I studied organic chemistry and it an interesting topic to research about. The preparation of drugs that I use in my daily lives excited me peculiarly as I want to do biochemistry in university and also work in a pharmaceutical company for drug designing. Hence, I decided upon fashioning aspirin in the lab and researching about it.BACKGROUNG INFORMATION2.1 Synthesis of AspirinThe above is the answer for the formation of Aspirin. This organic synthesis is an esterification response between a compound containing a OH group (ester) and an acid. Esters are a type of organic acid in which the hydrated oxide groups are replaced. The H from the OH group is replaced by a carboxyl carbon C=O group.Esterification is theacid catalyzed reception of a carboxyl (-COOH) group and an -OH group of an alcohol or phenolto form a carboxylate ester. A catalyst is required for the react ion for example toilsome H2SO4.In the synthesis of Aspirin the -OH group is the phenolic -OHgroup attached to ring of the salicylic acid2.2.2 Purification of Aspirin using the process of recrystallisationI apply the process of recrystallisation to investigate how effective this process is in making Aspirin pure. The process of recrystallisation takes returns of the relative solubilities of contaminants compared to that of Aspirin3. The technique is to use a solvent in which the solid is sparingly soluble at low temperature and quite soluble at higher temperature (at the boiling point of the solvent). In my research Aspirin is insoluble in cold water and hence in the process of recrystallisation I branch dissolved Aspirin crystals into hot water and then let it cool down so that it would crystallize out. The solid is dissolved in the minimum quantity of solvent required to produce a re outcome at the boiling point of the solvent. Upon cooling the solution to room temperature or below, the solid crystallizes out of solution due to its lower solubility at the lower temperature4.Impurities (i.e., any foreign substance) in a solid are classified as soluble or insoluble. The removal of insoluble impurities is accomplished by filtering the hot solution. The insoluble impurities remain on the filter paper. Ideally, soluble impurities remain in solution when the solid world purified crystallizes. (Depending upon concentration and solubility of the impurity in the selected solvent it may sometimes be necessary to recrystallise more than one time. That is some of the soluble impurity cogency also crystallize. If any soluble impurity crystallizes, the resolve point of your product ordain be depressed). When recrystallisation is complete the purified solid is isolated by filtration and the crystals are rinse with a small quantity of cold solvent (to rinse off the solution of soluble impurities coating the freshly filtered solid)5.2.3 Determination of purity using run point apparatusI also utilize thaw point determination to give further evidence towards the purity of aspirin. Melting point is a useful measure for the purity of a solid. Melting point apparatus is commonly used for this purpose. It consists of a heated metal block with holes for a thermometer and melting point tubes. The hairlike tubes are provided open-ended and the perspicuous solid atomic number 50 be transferred into the tube and forced to the bottom with gentle tapping. The compound is heated belatedly especially around its melting point for accuracy.There are pleasing forces (intermolecular interactions) between the molecules in a solid that keep them together in an consistent crystalline structure. If enough heat energy is added to the solid the internal kinetic energy of the molecules causes them to move in the solid. At the temperature where the energy of molecular motion everyplacecomes the attractive forces between molecules the compound begins to melt. W hen a solid is pure the molecules are all identical and thus the interactions between molecules are similar and thus the sample leave alone melt at a distinct temperature. Impure compounds, on the other hand, have a range of intermolecular interactions between molecules and will melt over a range of temperatures.63. APPARATUS7-3.1 EquipmentsThe apparatus listed below does not list quantities for repeat developments.Conical flaskful (100 cm3) (-1)Measuring cylinders (10 cm3) (0.5cm3) (-2)Beaker (100 cm3) (-2)Glass rod (-1)Vacuum filtration flask (-1)Rubber tubing for vacuum flask (-1)Hirsch displace (-1)Water bath containing crushed ice (-1)Source of hot water (-1)Test-tubes (-4)Meltemp apparatus for finding the melting point of AspirinBurette (50cm3) (-1)Clamp stand (-1)Spatula (-2)Watch glass (-1)Melting point capillary tube (-1) perk paper to fit Hirsch funnel (-1)3.2 Chemicals2-hydroxybenzoic acid (salicylic acid) (2g)Ethanoic anhydride (4cm3)Concentrated sulfuric acid (5 dr ops)Ethanoic acid (glacial) (4cm3)(1)Aspirin tabletPhenolphthalein solutionSodium hydroxide solution (0.1 mol dm-3)95% alcohol4. DIAGRAM4.1 Hirsch move4.2 Melting Point Apparatus5. METHOD8-Shake 2g of 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (salicylic acid) (CARE Irritant) with 4 cm3 of ethanoic anhydride (CARE Corrosive) in a 100 cm3 cone-shaped flask.Add 5 drops of concentrated sulphuric acid (CARE Corrosive) and continue agitating the flask for about 10 minutes. Crystals of Aspirin will appear and soon the whole will form a crystalline mush.Dilute by stirring in 4cm3 of cold glacial ethanoic acid (CARE Corrosive) and cool by placing in a water bath containing crushed ice.Filter off the crystals using a Hirsch funnel (a small funnel for vacuum filtration), washing once with ice cold water to remove residual acid. belongings the stark naked Aspirin in a 100cm3 beaker. Add hot, but not boiling, water until it dissolves. A fold of very pure Aspirin crystals will form cool the flask by surrounding it with cold water.Filter them again and rinse the crystals with the chilled water.The insoluble impurities remain on the filter paper and the filtrate contains the product. Aspirin can be recovered from this solution by evaporation of the recrystallisation.9 Leave the crystals overnight on a watch glass to dry completely. This process is cognise as recrystallisation and is a way of purifying a solid product (Aspirin).Do the recrystallisation process three times and after every recrystallisation remove some sample of Aspirin and store in a test tube to test later.Now do titration of the samples stored after each recrystallisation. Take some of Aspirin for each sample and leave some in the test tube for testing the melting point.For the process of titration, take the Aspirin from each sample into a 50 cm3 conical flask and dissolve it in 5 cm3 of 95% alcohol and add two drops of phenolphthalein solution to it.Titrate the solution in the conical flask with 0.1 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxi de from a burette (CARE Eye protection must be worn).Record the volume needed to produce the first-year tinge of pale pink colour in the indicator. This measure the end-point of the titration.Take a capillary tube and gently press the open end into the big money of Aspirin crystals on the paper so that afewcrystals of Aspirinenter the capillary tube.Tap the closed end of the capillary onto the bench top, so that the Aspirincrystals work their way to the bottom. The Aspirin crystals should be firmly packed, and fill the capillary tube to a depth ofno more than1-2 mm. Insert the capillary tube containing the sample into the melting point apparatus. Record the temperature where the melting point is first observed and when it becomes a liquid completely. This is your melting point range.10Then do the titration of an original tablet of Aspirin available in the market. Then test the melting point of the original tablet of Aspirin by the method set forth above.Compare the melting point which you get from the samples and the original tablet of Aspirin with the one given in the data booklet.6. OBSERVATIONS-When I mixed salicylic acid with ethanoic anhydride, the solution turned milky. When to the solution I added concentrated sulphuric acid, the solution turns colourless and then after agitating for 10 minutes the solution again turns milky white. The beaker is hot and hence we can say that the reaction between concentrated sulphuric acid and the solution (ethanoic anhydride + salicylic acid) is exothermic.When I was doing my melting point I saw that the solid obtained after the first recrystallisation actually turned black before actually getting close to the melting point of the original Aspirin. As the reduce of recrystallisation increased I could see that the melted Aspirin was still white and was getting closer to the melting point of the original Aspirin (135C) as mentioned in the data book.7. DATA COLLECTION AND PROCESSING-7.1 The data of titrations of diff erent recrystallisation samples of Aspirin-7.1.1 Original Aspirin tabletBurette solution (cm3)0.1 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solutionIndicatorPhenolphthalein solution running1st interpretation2nd interlingual rendition3rd readingBurette readings (cm3)Final (0.1)44.544.044.044.3Initial (0.1)69.069.069.069.0Volume used (titre) cm3 (0.2)25.025.0I have not used as they are not concordant.I have used these reading for my mean titre.Mean titre (cm3) (0.2)25.0 + 25.0 = 50.050.0 2 = 25.0 (mean titre)Volumetric calculationsVolume of NaOH used = 25.0 cm3.Moles of NaOH n = CV V = 25.0 cm3 = 25.0 1000 = 0.025 dm3 n = 0.1 - 0.025 = 0.0025 molSo, moles of Aspirin will also be equal to 0.0025mol because the reaction ratio between NaOH and Aspirin is 11.Weighed out sample of Aspirin = 0.62 gHow many grams of Aspirin reacted with NaOH?Aspirin = C9H8O4g = n - Mr= 0.0025 - Mr (12.01 - 9) + (1.01 - 8) + (16.00 - 4)= 0.0025 - 180.17= 0.45 g division of Aspirin reacted = (0.45 0.62) - 100= 73%7.1.2 A spirin after 1st recrystallisationBurette solution (cm3)0.1 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solutionIndicatorPhenolphthalein solution runnel1st reading2nd reading3rd readingBurette readings (cm3)Final (0.1)3.43.63.73.8Initial (0.1)0.00.00.00.0Volume used (titre) cm3 (0.2)3.63.73.8I have used these reading for my mean titre.Mean titre (cm3) (0.2)3.6 + 3.7 + 3.8 = 11.111.1 3 = 3.7 (mean titre)Volumetric calculationsVolume of NaOH used = 3.7 cm3.Moles of NaOH n = CV V = 3.7 cm3 = 3.7 1000 = 0.0037 dm3 n = 0.1 - 0.0037 = 0.00037 molSo, moles of Aspirin will also be equal to 0.00037mol because the reaction ratio between NaOH and Aspirin is 11.Weighed out sample of Aspirin = 0.30 gHow many grams of Aspirin reacted with NaOH?Aspirin = C9H8O4g = n - Mr= 0.00037 - Mr (12.01 - 9) + (1.01 - 8) + (16.00 - 4)= 0.00037 - 180.17= 0.066 g parting of Aspirin reacted = (0. 066 0.30) - 100= 22%7.1.3 Aspirin after 2nd recrystallisationBurette solution (cm3)0.1 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solutionIndicatorPh enolphthalein solutionTrial1st reading2nd reading3rd readingBurette readings (cm3)Final (0.1)12.612.112.112.3Initial (0.1)9.29.29.29.2Volume used (titre) cm3 (0.2)2.92.9I have not used as they are not concordant.I have used these reading for my mean titre.Mean titre (cm3) (0.2)2.9 + 2.9 = 5.85.8 2 = 2.9 (mean titre)Volumetric calculationsVolume of NaOH used = 2.9 cm3.Moles of NaOH n = CV V = 2.9 cm3 = 2.9 1000 = 0.0029 dm3 n = 0.1 - 0.0029 = 0.00029 molSo, moles of Aspirin will also be equal to 0.00029mol because the reaction ratio between NaOH and Aspirin is 11.Weighed out sample of Aspirin = 0.15 gHow many grams of Aspirin reacted with NaOH?Aspirin = C9H8O4g = n - Mr= 0.00029 - Mr (12.01 - 9) + (1.01 - 8) + (16.00 - 4)= 0.00029 - 180.17= 0.052 g percentage of Aspirin reacted = (0. 052 0.15) - 100= 35%7.1.4 Aspirin after 3rd recrystallisationBurette solution (cm3)0.1 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solutionIndicatorPhenolphthalein solutionTrial1st reading2nd reading3rd readingBurette readings (cm3)Final (0.1)17.217.617.917.9Initial (0.1)13.113.113.113.1Volume used (titre) cm3 (0.2)I have not used as they are not concordant.4.84.8I have used these reading for my mean titre.Mean titre (cm3) (0.2)4.8 + 4.8 = 9.69.6 2 = 4.8 (mean titre)Volumetric calculationsVolume of NaOH used = 4.8 cm3.Moles of NaOH n = CV V = 4.8 cm3 = 4.8 1000 = 0.0048 dm3 n = 0.1 - 0.0048 = 0.00048 molSo, moles of Aspirin will also be equal to 0.00048mol because the reaction ratio between NaOH and Aspirin is 11.Weighed out sample of Aspirin = 0.15 gHow many grams of Aspirin reacted with NaOH?Aspirin = C9H8O4g = n - Mr= 0.00048 - Mr (12.01 - 9) + (1.01 - 8) + (16.00 - 4)= 0.00048 - 180.17= 0.086 gPercentage of Aspirin reacted = (0. 086 0.15) - 100= 57%7.1.5 Aspirin after 4th recrystallisationBurette solution (cm3)0.1 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solutionIndicatorPhenolphthalein solutionTrial1st reading2nd reading3rd readingBurette readings (cm3)Final (0.1)21.320.921.021.1Initial (0.1)16.916.916. 916.9Volume used (titre) cm3 (0.2)4.04.14.2I have used these reading for my mean titre.Mean titre (cm3) (0.2)4.0 + 4.1 + 4.2 = 12.312.3 3 = 4.1 (mean titre)Volumetric calculationsVolume of NaOH used = 4.1 cm3.Moles of NaOH n = CV V = 4.1 cm3 = 4.1 1000 = 0.0041 dm3 n = 0.1 - 0.0041 = 0.00041 mol So, moles of Aspirin will also be equal to 0.00041mol because the reaction ratio between NaOH and Aspirin is 11.Weighed out sample of Aspirin = 0.10 gHow many grams of Aspirin reacted with NaOH?Aspirin = C9H8O4 g = n - Mr= 0.00041 - Mr (12.01 - 9) + (1.01 - 8) + (16.00 - 4)= 0.00041 - 180.17= 0.074 g Percentage of Aspirin reacted = (0. 074 0.10) - 100 = 74%7.2 The data of melting points of different recrystallisation samples of Aspirin-7.2.1 Melting point after first recrystallisationNumber of recrystallisationTemperature (C) ( 0.1C)Original melting point of Aspirin (C)Trial1st reading2nd reading3rd readingAverage1155.0152.5151.9151.7152.0135.02154.1150.0148.5148.2148.9135.03115.2120.912 2.8122.9122.2135.04124.7125.4126.1126.9126.1135.0Original tablet128.0128.8129.2129.9129.3135.07.2.2 Graph showing the difference between melting points of Aspirin which was prepared and recrystallised in lab and melting of Aspirin from the data bookY-axis = temperature (in C)X-axis = number of recrystallisations of aspirin samples prepared in lab and aspirin available in market8. INTERPRETATION OF THE DATAI will now explain the results of melting point and titration. From the results of titrations we can see a trend flowing and how after each recrystallisation the sample gets purer. As the quantity of Aspirin decreased after each recrystallisation, the smokestack of Aspirin in that quantity was more compared to the previous recrystallisation. When compared to the original tablet which we get in the market, I could speculate that the producer has done almost quaternion recrystallisations to get that purity of Aspirin. More pure Aspirin can be obtained if more recrystallisations are done.We could say that the difference in melting point great power be higher because it might contain impurities like unreacted salicylic acid or other by-products of the reaction or decomposition products. We can see that the difference in the melting point is getting less as the number of recrystallisation increase and closer to the melting point of Aspirin published in the data booklet. move on evidence to my theory that the number of recrystallisations increases the purity is my melting point data. From my graph it can be seen clearly that as the number of recrystallisations increase the closer to the melting point of pure aspirin we get in the market.My data shows that the percentage purity of aspirin increased with each recrystallisation process. For example, after the first recrystallisation the percentage purity was only 22%, however when fourth recrystallisation was done the percentage purity was 74% showing a significant increase. This can be seen in the side by side(p ) graph-9. CONCLUSIONIn answer to my research question, How does the process of recrystallisation improve the purity of Aspirin? I have found significantly that the percentage purity increases with each recrystallisation and this is evident in my graph under the heading Interpretation of the data.Recrystallisation is an important technique in organic Chemistry. The general method is to find a solvent that dissolves the product more readily at high temperature than at low temperature, make a hot solution, and allow to crystallise on cooling. The crude product might contain impurities which are insoluble in the solvent impurities which are slightly soluble in the solvent and impurities which dissolve readily in the solvent. The solvent itself has also to be removed or it behaves as an impurity in its own right. It must not leave behind any residue. unrivalled simple way to tell whether an organic compound is pure is to measure its melting (or boiling) point. A pure compound melts sha rply if impurities are present it melts belatedly (over a range of temperature).11The process of recrystallisation in my experiment increased the purity of Aspirin but with a decrease in the quantity produced. The solid will readily dissolve in a larger quantity of solvent the larger the volume of solvent the greater the hurt of product12. This is the reason why after every recrystallisation I lose Aspirin. The process of recrystallisation removes the impurities present and this can be concluded from the fact that the difference between the melting point of the sample and the melting point of Aspirin from data booklet decreases with each recrystallisation.I could conclude that a pharmaceutical company should always have a rest between producing a very pure product, which means many recrystallisation processes and producing enough quantity of the product to make it a profitable industry.10. EVALUATION10.1 Random breakThe apparatus I used had uncertainties like the measuring flask has an uncertainty of 0.5cm3, the burette had an uncertainty of 0.1cm3 and the melting point apparatus also had an uncertainty of 0.1C. This results in errors in my results. The equipment error could be reduced by using equipments with less error. For example, I could use a burette with an error of 0.05 cm3 instead of a burette with error of 0.1 cm3.10.2 Systematic errorIn the process of titration there could a parallax error caused if the reading from the burette is not read at eye-level. So, when taking the reading from the burette, the level of the eye should be same as the level of the meniscus. When we are titrating different samples of recrystallisations the colour of the indicator changes from pale pink to dark and it is difficult to have it off the end-point of the titration process.10.3 Modifications in the method of preparation of Aspirin and its recrystallisationI modified the method to improve it in the following ways After each recrystallisation there was loss of As pirin and the decrease in the mass of Aspirin limited the number of recrystallisations needed to get the most pure form of Aspirin. So, if I doubled the mass of reactants I can get doubled the mass of Aspirin produced and an increase in the number of recrystallisations. When I mixed salicylic acid and ethanoic anhydride solution in concentrated sulphuric acid it is hard to get the formation of a crystalline mush of Aspirin by agitating the flask. Hence, instead I used a magnetic stirrer which gives a uniform stirring and all the chemicals are mixed properly. I found this to be more effective at producing the mush. During the process of recrystallisation a lot of Aspirin is lost. When I used the filter paper, I cut it the same size as the Hirsh funnel. Instead I could have used a bigger filter paper in the funnel so that the impurities do not leak out of the edges of the filter paper and I could get a purer sample of Aspirin. When the Aspirin is left overnight to dry in an evaporatin g dish, there could be many contaminants which would get mixed in the Aspirin and if this is not taken into consideration in pharmaceutical industries then this could lead to serious health problems. Hence, the Aspiring should be covered when left overnight to dry. I could use different methods of purification of Aspirin like thin layer chromatography which is a sensitive and quick way of detecting impurities in an organic product (Aspirin). I could also use spectroscopy which provides a very good method for analyzing an organic compound. By comparing the infra-red spectrum for Aspirin with the spectrum of compound in a database I can check on its purity.11. UNANSWERED QUESTIONSUnfortunately, not all my questions could be answered in this experiment. It would have been interesting in further researching and comparing more brands of Aspirin available in the market, if the producers just recrystallised the sample of Aspirin twice so that they do not lose a lot of their product in the process of recrystallisation or the producers actually tried to produce a pure sample of Aspirin ignoring the decrease in yield after each recrystallisation and considering the fact that this can affect the health of humans.When an organic compound has been made it needs to be purified, particularly if it is apharmaceutical chemical. This is because most organic reactions produce by-products but, even if the reaction is a clean one, the purity standards for many products are so stringent that small amounts of other compounds have to be removed. In particular the catalyst used in this reaction is concentrated sulphuric acid and must all be removed.