David Leans film Lawrence of Arabia Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

David leanings bring Lawrence of Arabia - Term Paper ExampleParticular emphasis is placed on Lawrences participation in attacks on Aqaba and Damascus, as well as his involvement in the Arab National Council. Within this overarching narrative, the film further explores Lawrences complex and oftentimes conflicted individuation and perspectives. The film would go on to claim an Academy Award for Best Picture, as well as an extensive array of other awards.1 Even part the film gained great critical acclaim, one considers that the film undeniably is of first class aesthetic quality. Through a consideration of criticism, perspective, and my personal opinion, this essay examines David Leans film Lawrence of Arabia. The film opens with a truly epic credit sequence. While the film title and credits remain static the epic medication and slow paced editing indicate to the viewer that the film is going to be expansive and truly Earth moving. Following this credit sequence, however, is a sce ne where T.E. Lawrence is sit on a motor scooter along a narrow road. The filmmakers implement a cinema-verite style means of articulation, as bumpy shots of Lawrence on the cycle are counter-posed against point of view shots from his perspective. Critics further argue that Lawrences lack a helmet intensifies his characterization as wild and potentially reckless.2 The scene itself serves to act as juxtaposition from the slow-paced credit sequence, but also seems to function as a metaphor on Lawrences life.... In the next scene Lawrence is featured piece on a map. It is here that, in a sense, the actual story begins. The film then explores the meeting that leads to Lawrences transfer to Arabia. While from a stringently narrative standpoint the information in this scene could be explained in a simple sentence, the scene holds the viewers interest through the hefty and engaging acting and character dynamics. Indeed, this will become a one of the prominent structural elements that drive the narrative and viewer interest. This scene is followed by a shot of the Arab sunrise. This shot demands further consideration, as it is both expansive and exquisite. One considers that the films widescreen format functions as a means of allowing the capture of this original image. In addition to fitting thematically into the films epic scope, it operates as a powerful interlude between the Western capital influence of organization and what could be considered a more desolate, yet firmer connection to natural being evidenced in the Arabian desert. One considers the ancient Muslim usance of praying towards the Sun, as well as endless mythology that figures the Sun as a central aspect of spiritual existence in this sense the scene transcends the films narrative elements for a deeper sense of spiritual purpose. One considers that later in the film there are perspective shots of the Moon and surrounding stars. The lay out seems to be a general linking of the films infrastruc ture to the timeless and transcendental qualities of the universe and nature. Still, in terms of the narrative this shot functions as a pivotal transition between the aforementioned Western culture and that of the Middle East. This clash of perspectives will become of the films central thorough-puts

Disciplinary Alternative Education Programs in Texas Dissertation

Disciplinary election Education Programs in Texas - Dissertation ExampleThe paper tells that the word meaning of the Texas Safe Schools Act in 1995, stipulated that all public district schools in Texas provide Disciplinary Alternative Education Programs (DAEPs). The main idea behind the creative activity of the DAEPs was to provide an alternative education program for the students who had been temporarily removed from the normal educational setting for disciplinary reasons as explained by. The agency further points that Disciplinary Alternative Education Programs offer different environment for the students who commit criminal offenses outlined in Chapter 37 of the Texas Educational Code (TEC) or almost any disciplinary violation. These are in line with recommendations of Federal Gun Free School Act of 1994 which required all states in the country to accomplish zero security deposit policies to contain the perceived increased violence in schools across the country. Introduction of DAEPs in Texas as explained by was aimed at providing an alternative to suspension or censure of students involved in indiscipline cases at school. Suspension as asserted by (Levin, 2006 p. 5) is highly disruptive of the learning of students. DAEPs provide a temporary puzzle for student to help in behaviour change through mandatory or discretionary referral. Although mandatory placement is in line with the provisions of Chapter 37 of TEC, discretionary placement as argued by is usually a violation of the school districts code of conduct. ... Discretionary placement records the highest number of students in the program with (Reyes, 2007) describe that in 2004, 82 percent of the referrals into the program was discretionary while 18 % were mandatory placement. Currently, the student population in Texas has risen to 4.8 million students which have as well as been reflected in changed number of students in DAEPs. This has created constrains in the effectiveness of the program sin ce the student to teacher ratio is not favourable. To effectively discharge the envisioned mandate, DAEPs needs to implement some best practices and observe some standards as explained by (Texas Education Agency, 2007). The agency argued that a relevant curriculum should be adopted to guarantee the educational and social needs of the students. Moreover, (Texas Education Agency, 2007) recommends that these programs must have adequate and dedicated teachers coupled with parent involvement. In addition, the program offers counselling to entrants and their families. This paper will basically set to answer the question of how the population of DAEPs changed between 1999 and 2000 and evaluate whether these changes reflect changes in the broader student population. It will also review literature on the approaching of DAEPs and the policy framework governing DAEPs in Texas. The paper will also explore the best practices for DAEPs and the impact of the program on the referrals. It will the n plan changes that could be implemented to the program to make it a success in transforming the lives of the entrants. Definition of Disciplinary Alternative Education Program As early as 1970s, district schools in United States started offering alterative education programs for students perceived to be at a high risk

DB 4 Management and Leadership Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

DB 4 Management and Leadership - Research Paper ExampleIn the case of an internet seller that involves a lot of inventive technology, and organizational flexibility, I would draw on the mission of the organization, as this would allow me work with what to expect in the future, and what the employees must strive to introduce in the long run. Working on the mission statement allows the organization function outside the existing boundaries, and instill more creativity among the employees. I entrusting also be very positive and inspiring to my employees, as this is the only way that the cycle of goals, objectives and strategies will be complete (Cawsey, Deszca & Ingols, 2011 121).Working with the sub-units in the retail organization would allow me devise a turn process. Cawsey, Deszca & Ingols (2011 121) argue that working with sub-sections allows for generation of emotional vigor, commitment, and clear direction of the noble-minded future of the internet retailer. Since an openin g and consistency in the internet retail market requires that the change agents- leaders- dream big, I will endeavor to come up with exciting, concise and challenging visions. In this case, I will have energized and mobilized employees to undertake initiatives that will lead to the internet retailer one of the best shops in existence (Cawsey, Deszca & Ingols, 2011 121).My mission statement will be, by offering quality services, we motivate and encourage our employees to continually offer the best to our clients... With this, I will have created a dream on the ideal future of the organization thus, dictate the same shape of ideas to the attainment of the organizations aims and objectives. Vision, therefore, is the basis of a stronger, better and a unique organization (Cawsey, Deszca & Ingols, 2011 121).A change leader must always come up with a vision and a team that will be useful in the implementation of the

Locus of control and self-esteem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Locus of rig and self-pride - Essay ExampleA drive to accomplish and maintain heights conceit is one of the strongest motives of personality. People with high self-esteem possess a positive image about themselves while people with low self-esteem possess a negative about themselves (Baumeister, 1998).In recent times, psychologist and other social scientists have shifted emphasis on studying the personality traits of students. A number of researchers have analyze the relationship between self-esteem and locus of control (Martin, 1978 Liu, Haiyan & Li, 2009). The findings of the researches suggested that locus of control and self-esteem has a negative or inverse relationship. This means that individuals having a high locus of control, that is, external locus on control will have a low self-esteem. Similarly, individuals having a low locus of control, that is, internal locus of control will have a high self-esteem (Martin, 1978 Liu, Haiyan & Li, 2009). These results are not only con sistent in the academic field rather researchers investigated the relationship of the devil variables among different ethnic backgrounds, socio-economic status, gender roles and discovered the same results (Goodman, Cooley, Sewell & Leavitt, 1994 Harrison, Guy & Lupfer, 1981).The main purpose of the research is to study the relationship between locus of control and self-esteem among students studying at Marshall Graduate College, Charleston. The study aims to investigate whether students having a higher locus of control have a low self-esteem and valetudinarianism versa.In order to understand the two variables locus of control and self-esteem better, the conceptual definitions are presented. The locus of control is an important concept of psychology which explains how a human perceives the events that he has gone through in his or her life. It is considered as an important part of an individuals personality as it mainly refers to the room one perceives his/her actions and the eve nts that his/his life passes through,

Contributions to Misunderstanding Psychology Essay Example for Free

Contri entirelyions to Misunderstanding Psychology EssayRose (1992) has accused psychology of Engineering the Human Soul (p. 351). This is a genuinely odd statement for a sociologist to make because science, whether hard or social, by definition, requires conclusions to be based on use of the scientific method. Alas, the hypothesis that there is a human soul is one that that the scientific method cannot address because there is no way to provide empirical evidence that either confirms or disconfirms it.Indeed, level the phrenologists Gall and Spurzheim (discussed below), who mapped the brain into areas irresponsible all sorts of human attributes, found an area for spirituality (Myers, 2004), but not for the soul. Rose is, however, in the company of a medical internist with a Ph. D. from Yale in physical chemistry, i. e. , Collins (2007, as cited in Snyder, 2007), who has claimed there is evidence that moral law is implanted in our brains by God (p. 6).Nonetheless, disrespect psychology being unable to engineer an entity for which there is no scientific evidence, one purpose of this paper is to argue that Rose (1992), along with another(prenominal) critics of moral interrogation, has failed to recognize that the continued influence of the studies of soul differences beyond the early part of the last century, mainly the development of tests to measure acquaintance, i. e. , IQ testing, has not been on psychology, but on education.Indeed, later psychological research on intelligence and cognitive development has been largely ignored in education (Perlmutter Burrell, 1999). There is no disagreement that IQ testing had and continues to contract a negative influence on education, but this paper addresses the waning of the influences of IQ testing within psychology itself not long after the development of these tests. What is psychology? Rose (1992) defined psychology as the study of individual differences, based on a paradigmatic technique of . . . the psychological test .. . (pp. 358-359). The goal of psychology, according to Rose, is the isolation, intensification, and inscription of human difference (p. 359). This definition is not the same as the one used in about textbooks on introductory psychology, where the discipline is defined as the science of behavior and mental processes (Myers, 2004). While psychological questions have been of interest from the time of the ancient Greek philosophers, psychology as a science did not develop until the latter part of the 19th century (Myers, 2004).Psychologists eventually conducted research in areas that began in other disciplines and too came to be blamed for the wretched excesses of still other disciplines, notably education. In the early 19th century, phrenologists Gall and Spurzheim mapped out brain areas supposedly controlling attributes from acquisitiveness to sublimity and measured people on these attributes by feeling bumps on their heads (Myers, 2004).Despite the embarr assment phrenology caused scientists, late in the 19th century French and German neurologists, notably Brocca and Wertheimer, provided evidence of left(p)- cerebral hemisphere dominance in tasks involving language (Deutsch Springer, 1997). They used autopsy findings of those who suffered language deficits following strokes to areas in the left cerebral hemisphere (the dominant hemisphere for more than than 90% and 70% of right- and left-handed people respectively).These findings were followed by further research on deficits in spatial abilities following strokes in the right cerebral ( usually non-dominant) hemisphere (Deutsch Springer, 1997). In the next century, researchers studied the performance of those who underwent a surgical procedure where the connecting fibers (the corpus colossus) between the two hemispheres were severed to control the spread of severe seizures (Deutsch Springer, 1999). subsequently research, using equipment such(prenominal) as evoked potentials, wa s conducted using samples from the general population.The research provided evidence not that only one hemisphere was activated during performance of nigh tasks but evidence that one hemisphere was more activated than the other, for example, in language comprehension, the left hemisphere is more activated, but the right hemisphere also is activated in comprehending the emotional, metaphoric, and humorous content of language (Deutsch Springer, 1997). Individual differences also were rare, for example, listening to music results in greater activation in the right than left hemisphere, except there is the reverse pattern for trained musicians (Deutsch Springer, 1999).However, the history of research related to the cerebral hemispheres is an example of psychologists falsely being blamed for the nonsense propagated by those in education that there were left- and right-brained people and teachers somehow were supposed to adjust their teaching for their right-brained students (Connell, 1990). In outlining the history of psychology, introductory textbooks place its beginnings in Wundts judicature of a laboratory in Vienna in 1879 for the purpose of applying the scientific method to the study of human mental processes On a December sidereal day in 1879 .. . Wundt was seeking to measure . . . the fastest and simplest mental processes. Thus began what many consider psychologys first experiment (Myers, 2004, p. 4). However, those in other disciplines, such as Rose (1992), seem to believe not only that psychology began and ended with the early work of those studying individual differences, but also that research in psychology actually is used in education. Individual DifferencesOne important difference between the early work of neurologists on the human cerebral hemispheres described above and early work on individual differences is that the former research was based on beginning with basic or shared mental processes. Put another way, the law of parsimony is that m ain effects are studied prior to interactions (Kirk, 1995). The early work on individual differences in intelligence began prior to research on basic cognitive processing.Galtons definition of intelligence (White, 2006) was based on an assumption drawn from Darwins evolutionary system of the survival of the fittest, both between- and within-species (1859, as cited in Myers, 2004). Between-species, humans clearly are advantaged with superior intellect. However, if human intelligence had been defined as those characteristics that increase the probability of an individuals survival, predominant attributes would be those related to the attainment of economic and political power.From the beginnings of civilization, world history has been a struggle for power, with members of prevailing powerful groups inhumanely prevail members of less powerful groups (Braudel Mayne, 2003), a concept perhaps best expressed by John Travolta in Saturday Night Fever as everybody always has to have somebo dy to dump on (Wexler, 1977). Being powerful certainly does enhance ones chances of survival, but how did anyone reach the conclusion that power was related to what we usually think of as intellect?

Roller-coaster of Emotions Essay Example for Free

Roller-coaster of Emotions EssayThe plain was rich with crops thither were many orchards of fruit trees and beyond the plain the mountains were brownness and bare (3) Ernest Hemingway, A Farewell to Arms. To the innocence of children fruit trees and plains is all they are a state of ware of further in fact, what is beyond is what makes Ernest Hemingway want to explain, that beyond those plains there has been funny house and terrible deaths. After a scanning the entire landscape, the eyes can come across the true globe of the war, which made fruitless trees, beat up grounds, chaos, but also soldiers that have learned the true meaning of what war really is. Frederic total heat, the protagonist in Hemingways literary war novel, comes across the reality what liveness has to offer and overcomes many obstacles that changes him to become the individual he ends up being towards the end of the novel. In his novel, A Farewell to Arms, Ernest Hemingway demonstrates that the destruc tiveness of war turns him from the naive solider, to the being in sleep with, and finally to atomic number 1 the person that charms the world as a bad place that destroys a family.To begin with, Henry has no personal control with his temptations towards women, drinks to a fault and simply has carelessness revolving him. The way that Henry enjoys obliterating war is being with women and drinking alcohol which lets him get away for a while. Henry has come across a person that cares for him and wants him to be on the right path, that person is the priest. Trying to get Henry out of his disastrous life, his accomplice the priest, recommends that Henry visits Abruzzi because it will let Henry become a better person. The priest comes across Henry and wants him to prosper and offers Henry to see Abruzzi and visit my the priests family at Capracotta (8), but sort of the captain wins over Henry by saying, come one We go whorehouse before it shuts (9). Henry leaves that night with a si mple good-night towards the priest and wonders off with the rest of the men.The reality of Henrys decision was that he wants to do what is right, but can never manage to do the prudent thing. Henry could have stayed home with the priest but instead his temptations leads him to the wron path. Later on that night Rinaldi asks Henry how the night went. Just like men talk Henry starts going on about how he had a beautiful time every where he went and Rinaldi is there to cheer him on. Rinaldi is almost the exact mirror image as Henry as they perceive women, Rinaldi confirms to Henry that in this town we have beautiful English girls. I am now in love with Miss Barkley (12). Henrys main refinement is to get pleasures that are easy and luxuriant, he calls those strange excitement which shows that he has little or no ability to feel satisfied.Frederic Henry has not been equal to find his inner self, he only chicanes what men in war like to do best Henry drinks alcohol visits the whorehou ses to substitute not being able to figure himself out. To come to a conclusion that the slew that want to help him, Henry ignores them and shows this when he sat next to the priest and he was frustrated and suddenly hurt that I Frederic had not gone to Abruzzi. He had written to his father that I Frederic was coming and they had made preparations (13). This is significant because it shows that the help his close friend offers means nothing to him, he confesses that while going out it lets him get a grip of his emotions something which he cannot do while sober. The way Henry sees things is that people settle for a small amount of pleasure instead of going the extra mile in order to get what they really want.When Henry starts changing is when he meets Catherine Barkley and his love towards her becomes a role in his transformation in his personality. Catherine at first is retributive someone that attracted Henry to her, her tawny skin and petty body was a reason why she caught hi s eye. He has found himself fallen for someone and is constantly wanting to be with her. He searches for her, but she was not in the garden and I Frederic went to the door of the villa where the ambulances drove up. Inside he saw the head nurse, who said Miss Barkley was on dutytheres a war going on, you know (22). Henry clearly knew that a nurse in war has a stressful duty and has hardly any time to spend time with their love ones. Henry wants to be with her and no longer is going around with new(prenominal) women, he wants to be with Miss Barkley and he wants to go the extra mile to go in search for her, just to sound some time together.He is so eager to be with her that he goes the next eveninging to the hospital to see her but has to wait until she came down. While he sits down waits for her he sees every detail inside the hospital, something he never did before, there were many marble busts on painted wooden pillars along the walls of the room they used for an officethey had complete marble quality of all looking alike (28). He is patiently waiting for Catherine, meanwhile he is staring at his surroundings. He has changed into a different man than what he was before he met Miss Barkley. They see each other and she asks if he loves her, he replies with a yes but seems unsure of it. While they converse one thing leads to another and they begin kissing, Frederic sees that both her eyes are shite and thinks to himself, I did not love Catherine Barkley nor had any idea of loving her.This was a game, like a bridge, in which you said things instead of playing cards. Like a bridge you had to pretend you were playing for money or playing for some stakes. Nobody had told me what the stakes were. It was all right with me (30-31). At this point he just wants someone to play around with instead of learning the true meaning behind what love really is. Then becoming injured in war awakens Henry and love has put him to the test. I went out the door and suddenly I fel t lonely and emptywhen I could not see her there I was feeling lonely and hallow (41). His real emotions towards her start rising out when he sees that she can really take care of him by which he was injured terribly. Henry suddenly begins to be more aware of other people rather than just himself and it leads towards a step forward in his persona.The release of Henrys transformation leads into the last words of the novel, he has come to love his Catherine but sees the world as someone that kills with no question. Everything Henry does now revolves around Catherine. His love for her grows as when he is away at the front lines. His uniform is now star-less because he wants nothing to do with war, the faded part of his uniform showed the stars had been removed. He thusly comes across charming people that not only offer him shelter, but also clothing. Theres a closet. Take anything you want. My dear fellow, you dont want to buy clothes (242) but Henry responds that he would much rathe r pay for the clothes. Henrys actions are now more powerful and also shows us that he has more responsibility in him, something that he really did not know how to do at the starting point of the novel.Being away from Catherine improves his ability to take action and make him into a better person that he can be. But later his dreams of Catherine being near him are coming true and has her near. While they are together in the hotel room Henry explains to Catherine that if people bring so much courage to this world the world has to kill them to break them, so of course it kills them. The world breaks every one and afterward many are strong at the broken places. But those that will not break it kills. It kills the very good and the very naughty and the very brave impartially.If you are none of these you can be sure it will kill you too but there will be no special hurry (249). He tries to convince himself that he will be all right since he has escaped the war, little did he know that he was not able to escape freely, but to find out that Catherine had died with the baby they had made together. Ever since then Henry is not able to become the person he had been wanting to be. He ends up being a lonely man, with no family, that sees the world and everyone in it, against him, and nobody there to guide him any longer. Catherines fast death concluded his idea on having that there is life left that war took from him.In conclusion, Ernest Hemingway shows us how war can basically destroy not only a family but also a person that is left without it. Hemingway has Frederic Henrys character to demonstrate that there is always a need to escape from the destructiveness of war in order to keep sanity in ones self. With Frederic Henry as Hemingways model, shows us that you cannot have a rainbow without a little bit of rain, which means that even though Henry was put into awful situations like death, he was able to find the person he was destined to become.

Using Recrystallisation Improve The Purity Of Aspirin Biology Essay

Using Recrystallisation Improve The Purity Of acetylsalicylic acid Biology EssayIn this experiment I have investigated the seek question How does the carry through of recrystallisation improve the naturalness of acetylsalicylic acid.I employ a well documented method of preparing aspirin. Having obtained the aspirin I per realiseed several recrystallisation litigatees on it. I then determined accurately the bar of aspirin in each of my strain by volumetric analysis. I was then able to determine worth and percentage yield by comparing it to an original digs Aspirin in the market. I also employ warming consign to assess ingenuousness.I learnt virtually Aspirin when we did the chapter medicine and drugs in our class. Aspirin is a very common drug delectation in our daily lives. The common chemical suck up wind isacetylsalicylic acidic. Salicylic acid was identified and isolated from the bark of a pass onow tree but it could non be synthesised in laboratory. In 1893 , Felix Hoffman Jr., a chemist ap spot out a practical way for synthesizing an ester derivative of salicylic acid, acetylsalicylic acid. Acetylsalicylic acid, a weaker acid than salicylic acid, was found to have the medicinal properties of salicylic acid without having the objectionable taste or producing the prevail problems as a side effect. The acetyl group effectively masks the acidity of the drug during its ingestion and after it passes into the small intestine, it is converted back to salicylic acid where it domiciliate enter the bloodstream and do its pain relieving action1. Acetylsalicylic acid is powerful as a pain reliever, fever reducer, and swelling-reducing drug but it also has faults, it causes potbelly irritation to nigh individuals and also may lead to Reye syndrome in young children. I was excited to see if this drug we use has the same purity when disposed(p) in lab and when bought from outside. Aspirin is an important analgesic therefore methods of improving purity are essential. The preparation of Aspirin involves organic synthesis and I learnt about this process when I studied organic chemistry and it an interesting topic to research about. The preparation of drugs that I use in my daily lives excited me peculiarly as I want to do biochemistry in university and also work in a pharmaceutical company for drug designing. Hence, I decided upon fashioning aspirin in the lab and researching about it.BACKGROUNG INFORMATION2.1 Synthesis of AspirinThe above is the answer for the formation of Aspirin. This organic synthesis is an esterification response between a compound containing a OH group (ester) and an acid. Esters are a type of organic acid in which the hydrated oxide groups are replaced. The H from the OH group is replaced by a carboxyl carbon C=O group.Esterification is theacid catalyzed reception of a carboxyl (-COOH) group and an -OH group of an alcohol or phenolto form a carboxylate ester. A catalyst is required for the react ion for example toilsome H2SO4.In the synthesis of Aspirin the -OH group is the phenolic -OHgroup attached to ring of the salicylic acid2.2.2 Purification of Aspirin using the process of recrystallisationI apply the process of recrystallisation to investigate how effective this process is in making Aspirin pure. The process of recrystallisation takes returns of the relative solubilities of contaminants compared to that of Aspirin3. The technique is to use a solvent in which the solid is sparingly soluble at low temperature and quite soluble at higher temperature (at the boiling point of the solvent). In my research Aspirin is insoluble in cold water and hence in the process of recrystallisation I branch dissolved Aspirin crystals into hot water and then let it cool down so that it would crystallize out. The solid is dissolved in the minimum quantity of solvent required to produce a re outcome at the boiling point of the solvent. Upon cooling the solution to room temperature or below, the solid crystallizes out of solution due to its lower solubility at the lower temperature4.Impurities (i.e., any foreign substance) in a solid are classified as soluble or insoluble. The removal of insoluble impurities is accomplished by filtering the hot solution. The insoluble impurities remain on the filter paper. Ideally, soluble impurities remain in solution when the solid world purified crystallizes. (Depending upon concentration and solubility of the impurity in the selected solvent it may sometimes be necessary to recrystallise more than one time. That is some of the soluble impurity cogency also crystallize. If any soluble impurity crystallizes, the resolve point of your product ordain be depressed). When recrystallisation is complete the purified solid is isolated by filtration and the crystals are rinse with a small quantity of cold solvent (to rinse off the solution of soluble impurities coating the freshly filtered solid)5.2.3 Determination of purity using run point apparatusI also utilize thaw point determination to give further evidence towards the purity of aspirin. Melting point is a useful measure for the purity of a solid. Melting point apparatus is commonly used for this purpose. It consists of a heated metal block with holes for a thermometer and melting point tubes. The hairlike tubes are provided open-ended and the perspicuous solid atomic number 50 be transferred into the tube and forced to the bottom with gentle tapping. The compound is heated belatedly especially around its melting point for accuracy.There are pleasing forces (intermolecular interactions) between the molecules in a solid that keep them together in an consistent crystalline structure. If enough heat energy is added to the solid the internal kinetic energy of the molecules causes them to move in the solid. At the temperature where the energy of molecular motion everyplacecomes the attractive forces between molecules the compound begins to melt. W hen a solid is pure the molecules are all identical and thus the interactions between molecules are similar and thus the sample leave alone melt at a distinct temperature. Impure compounds, on the other hand, have a range of intermolecular interactions between molecules and will melt over a range of temperatures.63. APPARATUS7-3.1 EquipmentsThe apparatus listed below does not list quantities for repeat developments.Conical flaskful (100 cm3) (-1)Measuring cylinders (10 cm3) (0.5cm3) (-2)Beaker (100 cm3) (-2)Glass rod (-1)Vacuum filtration flask (-1)Rubber tubing for vacuum flask (-1)Hirsch displace (-1)Water bath containing crushed ice (-1)Source of hot water (-1)Test-tubes (-4)Meltemp apparatus for finding the melting point of AspirinBurette (50cm3) (-1)Clamp stand (-1)Spatula (-2)Watch glass (-1)Melting point capillary tube (-1) perk paper to fit Hirsch funnel (-1)3.2 Chemicals2-hydroxybenzoic acid (salicylic acid) (2g)Ethanoic anhydride (4cm3)Concentrated sulfuric acid (5 dr ops)Ethanoic acid (glacial) (4cm3)(1)Aspirin tabletPhenolphthalein solutionSodium hydroxide solution (0.1 mol dm-3)95% alcohol4. DIAGRAM4.1 Hirsch move4.2 Melting Point Apparatus5. METHOD8-Shake 2g of 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (salicylic acid) (CARE Irritant) with 4 cm3 of ethanoic anhydride (CARE Corrosive) in a 100 cm3 cone-shaped flask.Add 5 drops of concentrated sulphuric acid (CARE Corrosive) and continue agitating the flask for about 10 minutes. Crystals of Aspirin will appear and soon the whole will form a crystalline mush.Dilute by stirring in 4cm3 of cold glacial ethanoic acid (CARE Corrosive) and cool by placing in a water bath containing crushed ice.Filter off the crystals using a Hirsch funnel (a small funnel for vacuum filtration), washing once with ice cold water to remove residual acid. belongings the stark naked Aspirin in a 100cm3 beaker. Add hot, but not boiling, water until it dissolves. A fold of very pure Aspirin crystals will form cool the flask by surrounding it with cold water.Filter them again and rinse the crystals with the chilled water.The insoluble impurities remain on the filter paper and the filtrate contains the product. Aspirin can be recovered from this solution by evaporation of the recrystallisation.9 Leave the crystals overnight on a watch glass to dry completely. This process is cognise as recrystallisation and is a way of purifying a solid product (Aspirin).Do the recrystallisation process three times and after every recrystallisation remove some sample of Aspirin and store in a test tube to test later.Now do titration of the samples stored after each recrystallisation. Take some of Aspirin for each sample and leave some in the test tube for testing the melting point.For the process of titration, take the Aspirin from each sample into a 50 cm3 conical flask and dissolve it in 5 cm3 of 95% alcohol and add two drops of phenolphthalein solution to it.Titrate the solution in the conical flask with 0.1 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxi de from a burette (CARE Eye protection must be worn).Record the volume needed to produce the first-year tinge of pale pink colour in the indicator. This measure the end-point of the titration.Take a capillary tube and gently press the open end into the big money of Aspirin crystals on the paper so that afewcrystals of Aspirinenter the capillary tube.Tap the closed end of the capillary onto the bench top, so that the Aspirincrystals work their way to the bottom. The Aspirin crystals should be firmly packed, and fill the capillary tube to a depth ofno more than1-2 mm. Insert the capillary tube containing the sample into the melting point apparatus. Record the temperature where the melting point is first observed and when it becomes a liquid completely. This is your melting point range.10Then do the titration of an original tablet of Aspirin available in the market. Then test the melting point of the original tablet of Aspirin by the method set forth above.Compare the melting point which you get from the samples and the original tablet of Aspirin with the one given in the data booklet.6. OBSERVATIONS-When I mixed salicylic acid with ethanoic anhydride, the solution turned milky. When to the solution I added concentrated sulphuric acid, the solution turns colourless and then after agitating for 10 minutes the solution again turns milky white. The beaker is hot and hence we can say that the reaction between concentrated sulphuric acid and the solution (ethanoic anhydride + salicylic acid) is exothermic.When I was doing my melting point I saw that the solid obtained after the first recrystallisation actually turned black before actually getting close to the melting point of the original Aspirin. As the reduce of recrystallisation increased I could see that the melted Aspirin was still white and was getting closer to the melting point of the original Aspirin (135C) as mentioned in the data book.7. DATA COLLECTION AND PROCESSING-7.1 The data of titrations of diff erent recrystallisation samples of Aspirin-7.1.1 Original Aspirin tabletBurette solution (cm3)0.1 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solutionIndicatorPhenolphthalein solution running1st interpretation2nd interlingual rendition3rd readingBurette readings (cm3)Final (0.1)44.544.044.044.3Initial (0.1)69.069.069.069.0Volume used (titre) cm3 (0.2)25.025.0I have not used as they are not concordant.I have used these reading for my mean titre.Mean titre (cm3) (0.2)25.0 + 25.0 = 50.050.0 2 = 25.0 (mean titre)Volumetric calculationsVolume of NaOH used = 25.0 cm3.Moles of NaOH n = CV V = 25.0 cm3 = 25.0 1000 = 0.025 dm3 n = 0.1 - 0.025 = 0.0025 molSo, moles of Aspirin will also be equal to 0.0025mol because the reaction ratio between NaOH and Aspirin is 11.Weighed out sample of Aspirin = 0.62 gHow many grams of Aspirin reacted with NaOH?Aspirin = C9H8O4g = n - Mr= 0.0025 - Mr (12.01 - 9) + (1.01 - 8) + (16.00 - 4)= 0.0025 - 180.17= 0.45 g division of Aspirin reacted = (0.45 0.62) - 100= 73%7.1.2 A spirin after 1st recrystallisationBurette solution (cm3)0.1 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solutionIndicatorPhenolphthalein solution runnel1st reading2nd reading3rd readingBurette readings (cm3)Final (0.1)3.43.63.73.8Initial (0.1)0.00.00.00.0Volume used (titre) cm3 (0.2)3.63.73.8I have used these reading for my mean titre.Mean titre (cm3) (0.2)3.6 + 3.7 + 3.8 = 11.111.1 3 = 3.7 (mean titre)Volumetric calculationsVolume of NaOH used = 3.7 cm3.Moles of NaOH n = CV V = 3.7 cm3 = 3.7 1000 = 0.0037 dm3 n = 0.1 - 0.0037 = 0.00037 molSo, moles of Aspirin will also be equal to 0.00037mol because the reaction ratio between NaOH and Aspirin is 11.Weighed out sample of Aspirin = 0.30 gHow many grams of Aspirin reacted with NaOH?Aspirin = C9H8O4g = n - Mr= 0.00037 - Mr (12.01 - 9) + (1.01 - 8) + (16.00 - 4)= 0.00037 - 180.17= 0.066 g parting of Aspirin reacted = (0. 066 0.30) - 100= 22%7.1.3 Aspirin after 2nd recrystallisationBurette solution (cm3)0.1 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solutionIndicatorPh enolphthalein solutionTrial1st reading2nd reading3rd readingBurette readings (cm3)Final (0.1)12.612.112.112.3Initial (0.1)9.29.29.29.2Volume used (titre) cm3 (0.2)2.92.9I have not used as they are not concordant.I have used these reading for my mean titre.Mean titre (cm3) (0.2)2.9 + 2.9 = 5.85.8 2 = 2.9 (mean titre)Volumetric calculationsVolume of NaOH used = 2.9 cm3.Moles of NaOH n = CV V = 2.9 cm3 = 2.9 1000 = 0.0029 dm3 n = 0.1 - 0.0029 = 0.00029 molSo, moles of Aspirin will also be equal to 0.00029mol because the reaction ratio between NaOH and Aspirin is 11.Weighed out sample of Aspirin = 0.15 gHow many grams of Aspirin reacted with NaOH?Aspirin = C9H8O4g = n - Mr= 0.00029 - Mr (12.01 - 9) + (1.01 - 8) + (16.00 - 4)= 0.00029 - 180.17= 0.052 g percentage of Aspirin reacted = (0. 052 0.15) - 100= 35%7.1.4 Aspirin after 3rd recrystallisationBurette solution (cm3)0.1 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solutionIndicatorPhenolphthalein solutionTrial1st reading2nd reading3rd readingBurette readings (cm3)Final (0.1)17.217.617.917.9Initial (0.1)13.113.113.113.1Volume used (titre) cm3 (0.2)I have not used as they are not concordant.4.84.8I have used these reading for my mean titre.Mean titre (cm3) (0.2)4.8 + 4.8 = 9.69.6 2 = 4.8 (mean titre)Volumetric calculationsVolume of NaOH used = 4.8 cm3.Moles of NaOH n = CV V = 4.8 cm3 = 4.8 1000 = 0.0048 dm3 n = 0.1 - 0.0048 = 0.00048 molSo, moles of Aspirin will also be equal to 0.00048mol because the reaction ratio between NaOH and Aspirin is 11.Weighed out sample of Aspirin = 0.15 gHow many grams of Aspirin reacted with NaOH?Aspirin = C9H8O4g = n - Mr= 0.00048 - Mr (12.01 - 9) + (1.01 - 8) + (16.00 - 4)= 0.00048 - 180.17= 0.086 gPercentage of Aspirin reacted = (0. 086 0.15) - 100= 57%7.1.5 Aspirin after 4th recrystallisationBurette solution (cm3)0.1 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solutionIndicatorPhenolphthalein solutionTrial1st reading2nd reading3rd readingBurette readings (cm3)Final (0.1)21.320.921.021.1Initial (0.1)16.916.916. 916.9Volume used (titre) cm3 (0.2)4.04.14.2I have used these reading for my mean titre.Mean titre (cm3) (0.2)4.0 + 4.1 + 4.2 = 12.312.3 3 = 4.1 (mean titre)Volumetric calculationsVolume of NaOH used = 4.1 cm3.Moles of NaOH n = CV V = 4.1 cm3 = 4.1 1000 = 0.0041 dm3 n = 0.1 - 0.0041 = 0.00041 mol So, moles of Aspirin will also be equal to 0.00041mol because the reaction ratio between NaOH and Aspirin is 11.Weighed out sample of Aspirin = 0.10 gHow many grams of Aspirin reacted with NaOH?Aspirin = C9H8O4 g = n - Mr= 0.00041 - Mr (12.01 - 9) + (1.01 - 8) + (16.00 - 4)= 0.00041 - 180.17= 0.074 g Percentage of Aspirin reacted = (0. 074 0.10) - 100 = 74%7.2 The data of melting points of different recrystallisation samples of Aspirin-7.2.1 Melting point after first recrystallisationNumber of recrystallisationTemperature (C) ( 0.1C)Original melting point of Aspirin (C)Trial1st reading2nd reading3rd readingAverage1155.0152.5151.9151.7152.0135.02154.1150.0148.5148.2148.9135.03115.2120.912 2.8122.9122.2135.04124.7125.4126.1126.9126.1135.0Original tablet128.0128.8129.2129.9129.3135.07.2.2 Graph showing the difference between melting points of Aspirin which was prepared and recrystallised in lab and melting of Aspirin from the data bookY-axis = temperature (in C)X-axis = number of recrystallisations of aspirin samples prepared in lab and aspirin available in market8. INTERPRETATION OF THE DATAI will now explain the results of melting point and titration. From the results of titrations we can see a trend flowing and how after each recrystallisation the sample gets purer. As the quantity of Aspirin decreased after each recrystallisation, the smokestack of Aspirin in that quantity was more compared to the previous recrystallisation. When compared to the original tablet which we get in the market, I could speculate that the producer has done almost quaternion recrystallisations to get that purity of Aspirin. More pure Aspirin can be obtained if more recrystallisations are done.We could say that the difference in melting point great power be higher because it might contain impurities like unreacted salicylic acid or other by-products of the reaction or decomposition products. We can see that the difference in the melting point is getting less as the number of recrystallisation increase and closer to the melting point of Aspirin published in the data booklet. move on evidence to my theory that the number of recrystallisations increases the purity is my melting point data. From my graph it can be seen clearly that as the number of recrystallisations increase the closer to the melting point of pure aspirin we get in the market.My data shows that the percentage purity of aspirin increased with each recrystallisation process. For example, after the first recrystallisation the percentage purity was only 22%, however when fourth recrystallisation was done the percentage purity was 74% showing a significant increase. This can be seen in the side by side(p ) graph-9. CONCLUSIONIn answer to my research question, How does the process of recrystallisation improve the purity of Aspirin? I have found significantly that the percentage purity increases with each recrystallisation and this is evident in my graph under the heading Interpretation of the data.Recrystallisation is an important technique in organic Chemistry. The general method is to find a solvent that dissolves the product more readily at high temperature than at low temperature, make a hot solution, and allow to crystallise on cooling. The crude product might contain impurities which are insoluble in the solvent impurities which are slightly soluble in the solvent and impurities which dissolve readily in the solvent. The solvent itself has also to be removed or it behaves as an impurity in its own right. It must not leave behind any residue. unrivalled simple way to tell whether an organic compound is pure is to measure its melting (or boiling) point. A pure compound melts sha rply if impurities are present it melts belatedly (over a range of temperature).11The process of recrystallisation in my experiment increased the purity of Aspirin but with a decrease in the quantity produced. The solid will readily dissolve in a larger quantity of solvent the larger the volume of solvent the greater the hurt of product12. This is the reason why after every recrystallisation I lose Aspirin. The process of recrystallisation removes the impurities present and this can be concluded from the fact that the difference between the melting point of the sample and the melting point of Aspirin from data booklet decreases with each recrystallisation.I could conclude that a pharmaceutical company should always have a rest between producing a very pure product, which means many recrystallisation processes and producing enough quantity of the product to make it a profitable industry.10. EVALUATION10.1 Random breakThe apparatus I used had uncertainties like the measuring flask has an uncertainty of 0.5cm3, the burette had an uncertainty of 0.1cm3 and the melting point apparatus also had an uncertainty of 0.1C. This results in errors in my results. The equipment error could be reduced by using equipments with less error. For example, I could use a burette with an error of 0.05 cm3 instead of a burette with error of 0.1 cm3.10.2 Systematic errorIn the process of titration there could a parallax error caused if the reading from the burette is not read at eye-level. So, when taking the reading from the burette, the level of the eye should be same as the level of the meniscus. When we are titrating different samples of recrystallisations the colour of the indicator changes from pale pink to dark and it is difficult to have it off the end-point of the titration process.10.3 Modifications in the method of preparation of Aspirin and its recrystallisationI modified the method to improve it in the following ways After each recrystallisation there was loss of As pirin and the decrease in the mass of Aspirin limited the number of recrystallisations needed to get the most pure form of Aspirin. So, if I doubled the mass of reactants I can get doubled the mass of Aspirin produced and an increase in the number of recrystallisations. When I mixed salicylic acid and ethanoic anhydride solution in concentrated sulphuric acid it is hard to get the formation of a crystalline mush of Aspirin by agitating the flask. Hence, instead I used a magnetic stirrer which gives a uniform stirring and all the chemicals are mixed properly. I found this to be more effective at producing the mush. During the process of recrystallisation a lot of Aspirin is lost. When I used the filter paper, I cut it the same size as the Hirsh funnel. Instead I could have used a bigger filter paper in the funnel so that the impurities do not leak out of the edges of the filter paper and I could get a purer sample of Aspirin. When the Aspirin is left overnight to dry in an evaporatin g dish, there could be many contaminants which would get mixed in the Aspirin and if this is not taken into consideration in pharmaceutical industries then this could lead to serious health problems. Hence, the Aspiring should be covered when left overnight to dry. I could use different methods of purification of Aspirin like thin layer chromatography which is a sensitive and quick way of detecting impurities in an organic product (Aspirin). I could also use spectroscopy which provides a very good method for analyzing an organic compound. By comparing the infra-red spectrum for Aspirin with the spectrum of compound in a database I can check on its purity.11. UNANSWERED QUESTIONSUnfortunately, not all my questions could be answered in this experiment. It would have been interesting in further researching and comparing more brands of Aspirin available in the market, if the producers just recrystallised the sample of Aspirin twice so that they do not lose a lot of their product in the process of recrystallisation or the producers actually tried to produce a pure sample of Aspirin ignoring the decrease in yield after each recrystallisation and considering the fact that this can affect the health of humans.When an organic compound has been made it needs to be purified, particularly if it is apharmaceutical chemical. This is because most organic reactions produce by-products but, even if the reaction is a clean one, the purity standards for many products are so stringent that small amounts of other compounds have to be removed. In particular the catalyst used in this reaction is concentrated sulphuric acid and must all be removed.